feat: Add DoclingParseV4 backend, using high-level docling-parse API (#905)
* Add DoclingParseV3 backend implementation Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Use docling-core with docling-parse types Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Fixes and test updates Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Fix streams Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Fix streams Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Reset tests Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * update test cases Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * update test units Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Add back DoclingParse v1 backend, pipeline options Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Update locks Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * fix: update docling-core to 2.22.0 Update dependency library docling-core to latest release 2.22.0 Fix regression tests and ground truth files Signed-off-by: Cesar Berrospi Ramis <75900930+ceberam@users.noreply.github.com> * Ground-truth files updated Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Update tests, use TextCell.from_ocr property Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Text fixes, new test data Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Rename docling backend to v4 Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Test all backends, fixes Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Reset all tests to use docling-parse v1 for now Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * Fixes for DPv4 backend init, better test coverage Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> * test_input_doc use default backend Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> --------- Signed-off-by: Christoph Auer <cau@zurich.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Cesar Berrospi Ramis <75900930+ceberam@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Cesar Berrospi Ramis <75900930+ceberam@users.noreply.github.com>
This commit is contained in:
Christoph Auer
GitHub
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@@ -140,13 +140,13 @@ tention encoding is then multiplied to the encoded image to produce a feature fo
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The output features for each table cell are then fed into the feed-forward network (FFN). The FFN consists of a Multi-Layer Perceptron (3 layers with ReLU activation function) that predicts the normalized coordinates for the bounding box of each table cell. Finally, the predicted bounding boxes are classified based on whether they are empty or not using a linear layer.
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Loss Functions. We formulate a multi-task loss Eq. 2 to train our network. The Cross-Entropy loss (denoted as l$_{s}$ ) is used to train the Structure Decoder which predicts the structure tokens. As for the Cell BBox Decoder it is trained with a combination of losses denoted as l$_{box}$ . l$_{box}$ consists of the generally used l$_{1}$ loss for object detection and the IoU loss ( l$_{iou}$ ) to be scale invariant as explained in [25]. In comparison to DETR, we do not use the Hungarian algorithm [15] to match the predicted bounding boxes with the ground-truth boxes, as we have already achieved a one-toone match through two steps: 1) Our token input sequence is naturally ordered, therefore the hidden states of the table data cells are also in order when they are provided as input to the Cell BBox Decoder , and 2) Our bounding boxes generation mechanism (see Sec. 3) ensures a one-to-one mapping between the cell content and its bounding box for all post-processed datasets.
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Loss Functions. We formulate a multi-task loss Eq. 2 to train our network. The Cross-Entropy loss (denoted as l$\_{s}$ ) is used to train the Structure Decoder which predicts the structure tokens. As for the Cell BBox Decoder it is trained with a combination of losses denoted as l$\_{box}$ . l$\_{box}$ consists of the generally used l$\_{1}$ loss for object detection and the IoU loss ( l$\_{iou}$ ) to be scale invariant as explained in [25]. In comparison to DETR, we do not use the Hungarian algorithm [15] to match the predicted bounding boxes with the ground-truth boxes, as we have already achieved a one-toone match through two steps: 1) Our token input sequence is naturally ordered, therefore the hidden states of the table data cells are also in order when they are provided as input to the Cell BBox Decoder , and 2) Our bounding boxes generation mechanism (see Sec. 3) ensures a one-to-one mapping between the cell content and its bounding box for all post-processed datasets.
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The loss used to train the TableFormer can be defined as following:
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<!-- formula-not-decoded -->
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where λ ∈ [0, 1], and λ$_{iou}$, λ$_{l}$$\_{1}$ ∈$\_{R}$ are hyper-parameters.
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where λ ∈ [0, 1], and λ$\_{iou}$, λ$\_{l}$$\_{1}$ ∈$\_{R}$ are hyper-parameters.
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## 5. Experimental Results
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@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ The Tree-Edit-Distance-Based Similarity (TEDS) metric was introduced in [37]. It
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<!-- formula-not-decoded -->
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where T$_{a}$ and T$_{b}$ represent tables in tree structure HTML format. EditDist denotes the tree-edit distance, and | T | represents the number of nodes in T .
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where T$\_{a}$ and T$\_{b}$ represent tables in tree structure HTML format. EditDist denotes the tree-edit distance, and | T | represents the number of nodes in T .
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## 5.4. Quantitative Analysis
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@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ Here is a step-by-step description of the prediction postprocessing:
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<!-- formula-not-decoded -->
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where c is one of { left, centroid, right } and x$_{c}$ is the xcoordinate for the corresponding point.
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where c is one of { left, centroid, right } and x$\_{c}$ is the xcoordinate for the corresponding point.
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- 5. Use the alignment computed in step 4, to compute the median x -coordinate for all table columns and the me-
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- 6. Snap all cells with bad IOU to their corresponding median x -coordinates and cell sizes.
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "csv-comma-in-cell",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/csv",
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "csv-comma",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/csv",
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "csv-inconsistent-header",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/csv",
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "csv-pipe",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/csv",
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "csv-semicolon",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/csv",
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "csv-tab",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/csv",
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "csv-too-few-columns",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/csv",
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "csv-too-many-columns",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/csv",
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.2.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "equations",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "example_01",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/html",
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This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
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## Background
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### Background
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Some background information here.
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "example_02",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/html",
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This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
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## Background
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### Background
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Some background information here.
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "example_03",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/html",
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# Example Document
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## Introduction
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### Introduction
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This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
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## Background
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### Background
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Some background information here.
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2. Nested ordered item 2
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3. Second item in ordered list
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## Data Table
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### Data Table
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| Header 1 | Header 2 | Header 3 |
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|--------------|--------------|--------------|
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "example_04",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/html",
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# Data Table with Rowspan and Colspan
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| Header 1 | Header 2 & 3 (colspan) | Header 2 & 3 (colspan) |
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| Header 1 | Header 2 & 3 (colspan) | Header 2 & 3 (colspan) |
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|----------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|
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| Row 1 & 2, Col 1 (rowspan) | Row 1, Col 2 | Row 1, Col 3 |
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| Row 1 & 2, Col 1 (rowspan) | Row 2, Col 2 & 3 (colspan) | Row 2, Col 2 & 3 (colspan) |
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| Row 1 & 2, Col 1 (rowspan) | Row 1, Col 2 | Row 1, Col 3 |
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| Row 1 & 2, Col 1 (rowspan) | Row 2, Col 2 & 3 (colspan) | Row 2, Col 2 & 3 (colspan) |
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| Row 3, Col 1 | Row 3, Col 2 | Row 3, Col 3 |
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "example_05",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/html",
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# Omitted html and body tags
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| Header 1 | Header 2 & 3 (colspan) | Header 2 & 3 (colspan) |
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| Header 1 | Header 2 & 3 (colspan) | Header 2 & 3 (colspan) |
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|----------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|
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| Row 1 & 2, Col 1 (rowspan) | Row 1, Col 2 | Row 1, Col 3 |
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| Row 1 & 2, Col 1 (rowspan) | Row 2, Col 2 & 3 (colspan) | Row 2, Col 2 & 3 (colspan) |
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| Row 1 & 2, Col 1 (rowspan) | Row 1, Col 2 | Row 1, Col 3 |
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| Row 1 & 2, Col 1 (rowspan) | Row 2, Col 2 & 3 (colspan) | Row 2, Col 2 & 3 (colspan) |
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| Row 3, Col 1 | Row 3, Col 2 | Row 3, Col 3 |
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "example_06",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/html",
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.2.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "example_07",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "text/html",
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{
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"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
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"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "ipa20180000016.xml",
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"origin": {
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"mimetype": "application/xml",
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# LIGHT EMITTING DEVICE AND PLANT CULTIVATION METHOD
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## ABSTRACT
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### ABSTRACT
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Provided is a light emitting device that includes a light emitting element having a light emission peak wavelength ranging from 380 nm to 490 nm, and a fluorescent material excited by light from the light emitting element and emitting light having at a light emission peak wavelength ranging from 580 nm or more to less than 680 nm. The light emitting device emits light having a ratio R/B of a photon flux density R to a photon flux density B ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 and a ratio R/FR of the photon flux density R to a photon flux density FR ranging from 0.7 to 13.0, the photon flux density R being in a wavelength range of 620 nm or more and less than 700 nm, the photon flux density B being in a wavelength range of 380 nm or more and 490 nm or less, and the photon flux density FR being in a wavelength range of 700 nm or more and 780 nm or less.
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## CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
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### CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
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The application claims benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2016-128835 filed on Jun. 29, 2016, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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## BACKGROUND
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### BACKGROUND
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## Technical Field
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### Technical Field
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The present disclosure relates to a light emitting device and a plant cultivation method.
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## Description of Related Art
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### Description of Related Art
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With environmental changes due to climate change and other artificial disruptions, plant factories are expected to increase production efficiency of vegetables and be capable of adjusting production in order to make it possible to stably supply vegetables. Plant factories that are capable of artificial management can stably supply clean and safe vegetables to markets, and therefore are expected to be the next-generation industries.
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@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ In plant factories, the light source used in place of sunlight affect a growth p
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For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2009-125007 discloses a plant growth method. In this method, the plants is irradiated with light emitted from a first LED light emitting element and/or a second LED light emitting element at predetermined timings using a lighting apparatus including the first LED light emitting element emitting light having a wavelength region of 625 to 690 nm and the second LED light emitting element emitting light having a wavelength region of 420 to 490 nm in order to emit lights having sufficient intensities and different wavelengths from each other.
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## SUMMARY
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### SUMMARY
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However, even though plants are merely irradiated with lights having different wavelengths as in the plant growth method disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2009-125007, the effect of promoting plant growth is not sufficient. Further improvement is required in promotion of plant growth.
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According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a light emitting device capable of promoting growth of plants and a plant cultivation method can be provided.
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## BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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### BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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FIG. 1 is a schematic cross sectional view of a light emitting device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
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FIG. 4 is a graph showing nitrate nitrogen content in each plant grown by irradiating the plant with light from exemplary light emitting devices according to embodiments of the present disclosure and a comparative light emitting device.
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## DETAILED DESCRIPTION
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### DETAILED DESCRIPTION
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A light emitting device and a plant cultivation method according to the present invention will be described below based on an embodiment. However, the embodiment described below only exemplifies the technical concept of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the light emitting device and plant cultivation method described below. In the present specification, the relationship between the color name and the chromaticity coordinate, the relationship between the wavelength range of light and the color name of monochromatic light follows JIS Z8110.
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### Light Emitting Device
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#### Light Emitting Device
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An embodiment of the present disclosure is a light emitting device including a light emitting element having a light emission peak wavelength in a range of 380 nm or more and 490 nm or less (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a “region of from near ultraviolet to blue color”), and a first fluorescent material emitting light having at least one light emission peak wavelength in a range of 580 nm or more and less than 680 nm by being excited by light from the light emitting element. The light emitting device emits light having a ratio R/B of a photon flux density R to a photon flux density B within a range of 2.0 or more and 4.0 or less, and a ratio R/FR of the photon flux density R to a photon flux density FR within a range of 0.7 or more and 13.0 or less, where the photon flux density R is the number of light quanta (μmol·m⁻²·g⁻¹) incident per unit time and unit area in a wavelength range of 620 nm or more and less than 700 nm, the photon flux density B is the number of light quanta (μmol·m⁻²·g⁻¹) incident per unit time and unit area in a wavelength range of 380 nm or more and 490 nm or less, and the photon flux density FR is the number of light quanta (μmol·m⁻²·g⁻¹) incident per unit time and unit area in a wavelength range of 700 nm or more and 780 nm or less.
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It is preferred that the light emitting device 100 further include the second fluorescent material 72 having at least one light emission peak wavelength in a range of 680 nm or more and 800 nm or less by being excited by light from the light emitting element 10, wherein the R/FR ratio is within a range of 0.7 or more and 5.0 or less. The R/FR ratio is more preferably within a range of 0.7 or more and 2.0 or less.
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### Light Emitting Element
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#### Light Emitting Element
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The light emitting element 10 is used as an excitation light source, and is a light emitting element emitting light having a light emission peak wavelength in a range of 380 nm or more and 490 nm or less. As a result, a stable light emitting device having high efficiency, high linearity of output to input and strong mechanical impacts can be obtained.
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@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ The range of the light emission peak wavelength of the light emitting element 10
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The half value width of emission spectrum of the light emitting element 10 can be, for example, 30 nm or less.
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### Fluorescent Member
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#### Fluorescent Member
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The fluorescent member 50 used in the light emitting device 100 preferably includes the first fluorescent material 71 and a sealing material, and more preferably further includes the second fluorescent material 72. A thermoplastic resin and a thermosetting resin can be used as the sealing material. The fluorescent member 50 may contain other components such as a filler, a light stabilizer and a colorant, in addition to the fluorescent material and the sealing material. Examples of the filler include silica, barium titanate, titanium oxide and aluminum oxide.
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@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ The content of other components other than the fluorescent material 70 and the s
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The total content of the fluorescent material 70 in the fluorescent member 50 can be, for example, 5 parts by mass or more and 300 parts by mass or less, per 100 parts by mass of the sealing material. The total content is preferably 10 parts by mass or more and 250 parts by mass or less, more preferably 15 parts by mass or more and 230 parts by mass or less, and still more preferably 15 parts by mass or more and 200 parts by mass or less. When the total content of the fluorescent material 70 in the fluorescent member 50 is within the above range, the light emitted from the light emitting element 10 can be efficiently subjected to wavelength conversion in the fluorescent material 70.
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### First Fluorescent Material
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#### First Fluorescent Material
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|
||||
The first fluorescent material 71 is a fluorescent material that is excited by light from the light emitting element 10 and emits light having at least one light emission peak wavelength in a range of 580 nm or more and less than 680 nm. Examples of the first fluorescent material 71 include an Mn⁴⁺-activated fluorogermanate fluorescent material, an Eu²⁺-activated nitride fluorescent material, an Eu²⁺-activated alkaline earth sulfide fluorescent material and an Mn⁴⁺-activated halide fluorescent material. The first fluorescent material 71 may use one selected from those fluorescent materials and may use a combination of two or more thereof. The first fluorescent material preferably contains an Eu²⁺-activated nitride fluorescent material and an Mn⁴⁺-activated fluorogermanate fluorescent material.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ The first fluorescent material 71 preferably contains at least two fluorescent m
|
||||
|
||||
In the case where the first fluorescent material 71 contains at least two fluorescent materials and two fluorescent materials are a MGF fluorescent material and a CASN fluorescent material, where a compounding ratio thereof (MGF fluorescent material:CASN fluorescent material) is preferably in a range of 50:50 or more and 99:1 or less, more preferably in a range of 60:40 or more and 97:3 or less, and still more preferably in a range of 70:30 or more and 96:4 or less, in mass ratio. In the case where the first fluorescent material contains two fluorescent materials, when those fluorescent materials are a MGF fluorescent material and a CASN fluorescent material and the mass ratio thereof is within the aforementioned range, the light emitted from the light emitting element 10 can be efficiently subjected to wavelength conversion in the first fluorescent material 71. In addition, the R/B ratio can be adjusted to within a range of 2.0 or more and 4.0 or less, and the R/FR ratio is easy to be adjusted to within a range of 0.7 or more and 13.0 or less.
|
||||
|
||||
### Second Fluorescent Material
|
||||
#### Second Fluorescent Material
|
||||
|
||||
The second fluorescent material 72 is a fluorescent material that is excited by the light from the light emitting element 10 and emits light having at least one light emission peak wavelength in a range of 680 nm or more and 800 nm or less.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -160,25 +160,25 @@ In the second fluorescent material 72, the value of the parameter y is preferabl
|
||||
|
||||
The parameter x is an activation amount of Ce and the value of the parameter x is in a range of exceeding 0.0002 and less than 0.50 (0.0002<x<0.50), and the parameter y is an activation amount of Cr. When the value of the parameter y is in a range of exceeding 0.0001 and less than 0.05 (0.0001<y<0.05), the activation amount of Ce and the activation amount of Cr that are light emission centers contained in the crystal structure of the fluorescent material are within optimum ranges, the decrease of light emission intensity due to the decrease of light emission center can be suppressed, the decrease of light emission intensity due to concentration quenching caused by the increase of the activation amount can be suppressed, and light emission intensity can be enhanced.
|
||||
|
||||
### Production Method of Second Fluorescent Material
|
||||
#### Production Method of Second Fluorescent Material
|
||||
|
||||
A method for producing the second fluorescent material 72 includes the following method.
|
||||
|
||||
A compound containing at least one rare earth element Ln selected from the group consisting of rare earth elements excluding Ce, a compound containing at least one element M selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, and In, a compound containing Ce and a compound containing Cr are mixed such that, when the total molar composition ratio of the M is taken as 5 as the standard, in the case where the total molar composition ratio of Ln, Ce, and Nd is 3, the molar ratio of Ce is a product of 3 and a value of a parameter x, and the molar ratio of Cr is a product of 3 and a value of a parameter y, the value of the parameter x is in a range of exceeding 0.0002 and less than 0.50 and the value of the parameter y is in a range of exceeding 0.0001 and less than 0.05, thereby obtaining a raw material mixture, the raw material mixture is heat-treated, followed by classification and the like, thereby obtaining the second fluorescent material.
|
||||
|
||||
### Compound Containing Rare Earth Element Ln
|
||||
#### Compound Containing Rare Earth Element Ln
|
||||
|
||||
Examples of the compound containing rare earth element Ln include oxides, hydroxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, fluorides, and chlorides, that contain at least one rare earth element Ln selected from the group consisting of rare earth elements excluding Ce. Those compounds may be hydrates. At least a part of the compounds containing rare earth element may use a metal simple substance or an alloy containing rare earth element. The compound containing rare earth element is preferably a compound containing at least one rare earth element Ln selected from the group consisting of Y, Gd, Lu, La, Tb, and Pr. The compound containing rare earth element may be used alone or may be used as a combination of at least two compounds containing rare earth element.
|
||||
|
||||
The compound containing rare earth element is preferably an oxide that does not contain elements other than the target composition, as compared with other materials. Examples of the oxide specifically include Y₂O₃, Gd₂O₃, Lu₂O₃, La₂O₃, Tb₄O₇ and Pr₆O₁₁.
|
||||
|
||||
### Compound Containing M
|
||||
#### Compound Containing M
|
||||
|
||||
Examples of the compound containing at least one element M selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, and In include oxides, hydroxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, fluorides, and chlorides, that contain Al, Ga, or In. Those compounds may be hydrates. Furthermore, Al metal simple substance, Ga metal simple substance, In metal simple substance, Al alloy, Ga alloy or In alloy may be used, and metal simple substance or an alloy may be used in place of at least a part of the compound. The compound containing Al, Ga, or In may be used alone or may be used as a combination of two or more thereof. The compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, and In is preferably an oxide. The reason for this is that an oxide that does not contain elements other than the target composition, as compared with other materials, and a fluorescent material having a target composition are easy to be obtained. When a compound containing elements other than the target composition has been used, residual impurity elements are sometimes present in the fluorescent material obtained. The residual impurity element becomes a killer factor in light emission, leading to the possibility of remarkable decrease of light emission intensity.
|
||||
|
||||
Examples of the compound containing Al, Ga, or In specifically include Al₂O₃, Ga₂O₃, and In₂O₃.
|
||||
|
||||
### Compound Containing Ce and Compound Containing Cr
|
||||
#### Compound Containing Ce and Compound Containing Cr
|
||||
|
||||
Examples of the compound containing Ce or the compound containing Cr include oxides, hydroxides, nitrides, fluorides, and chlorides, that contain cerium (Ce) or chromium (Cr). Those compounds may be hydrates. Ce metal simple substance, Ce alloy, Cr metal simple substance, or Cr alloy may be used, and a metal simple substance or an alloy may be used in place of a part of the compound. The compound containing Ce or the compound containing Cr may be used alone or may be used as a combination of two or more thereof. The compound containing Ce or the compound containing Cr is preferably an oxide. The reason for this is that an oxide that does not contain elements other than the target composition, as compared with other materials, and a fluorescent material having a target composition are easy to be obtained. When a compound containing elements other than the target composition has been used, residual impurity elements are sometimes present in the fluorescent material obtained. The residual impurity element becomes a killer factor in light emission, leading to the possibility of remarkable decrease of light emission intensity.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ The atmosphere for heat-treating the raw material mixture is an inert atmosphere
|
||||
|
||||
The fluorescent material obtained may be subjected to post-treatment steps such as a solid-liquid separation by a method such as cleaning or filtration, drying by a method such as vacuum drying, and classification by dry sieving. After those post-treatment steps, a fluorescent material having a desired average particle diameter is obtained.
|
||||
|
||||
### Other Fluorescent Materials
|
||||
#### Other Fluorescent Materials
|
||||
|
||||
The light emitting device 100 may contain other kinds of fluorescent materials, in addition to the first fluorescent material 71.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -250,21 +250,21 @@ GdAlO₃:Cr (x)
|
||||
|
||||
The light emitting device 100 can be utilized as a light emitting device for plant cultivation that can activate photosynthesis of plants and promote growth of plants so as to have favorable form and weight.
|
||||
|
||||
### Plant Cultivation Method
|
||||
#### Plant Cultivation Method
|
||||
|
||||
The plant cultivation method of one embodiment of the present disclosure is a method for cultivating plants, including irradiating plants with light emitted from the light emitting device 100. In the plant cultivation method, plants can be irradiated with light from the light emitting device 100 in plant factories that are completely isolated from external environment and make it possible for artificial control. The kind of plants is not particularly limited. However, the light emitting device 100 of one embodiment of the present disclosure can activate photosynthesis of plants and promote growth of plants such that a stem, a leaf, a root, a fruit have favorable form and weight, and therefore is preferably applied to cultivation of vegetables, flowers that contain much chlorophyll performing photosynthesis. Examples of the vegetables include lettuces such as garden lettuce, curl lettuce, Lamb's lettuce, Romaine lettuce, endive, Lollo Rosso, Rucola lettuce, and frill lettuce; Asteraceae vegetables such as “shungiku” (chrysanthemum coronarium); morning glory vegetables such as spinach; Rosaceae vegetables such as strawberry; and flowers such as chrysanthemum, gerbera, rose, and tulip.
|
||||
|
||||
## EXAMPLES
|
||||
### EXAMPLES
|
||||
|
||||
The present invention is further specifically described below by Examples and Comparative Examples.
|
||||
|
||||
## Examples 1 to 5
|
||||
### Examples 1 to 5
|
||||
|
||||
### First Fluorescent Material
|
||||
#### First Fluorescent Material
|
||||
|
||||
Two fluorescent materials of fluorogarmanate fluorescent material that is activated by Mn⁴⁺, having a light emission peak at 660 nm and fluorescent material containing silicon nitride that are activated by Eu²⁺, having a light emission peak at 660 nm were used as the first fluorescent material 71. In the first fluorescent material 71, a mass ratio of a MGF fluorescent material to a CASN fluorescent material (MGF:CASN) was 95:5.
|
||||
|
||||
### Second Fluorescent Material
|
||||
#### Second Fluorescent Material
|
||||
|
||||
Fluorescent material that is obtained by the following production method was used as the second fluorescent material 72.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ Fluorescent material that is obtained by the following production method was use
|
||||
|
||||
The raw material mixture obtained was placed in an alumina crucible, and a lid was put on the alumina crucible. The raw material mixture was heat-treated at 1,500° C. for 10 hours in a reducing atmosphere of H₂: 3 vol % and N₂: 97 vol %. Thus, a calcined product was obtained. The calcined product was passed through a dry sieve to obtain a second fluorescent material. The second fluorescent material obtained was subjected to composition analysis by ICP-AES emission spectrometry using an inductively coupled plasma emission analyzer (manufactured by Perkin Elmer). The composition of the second fluorescent material obtained was (Y₀.₉₇₇Ce₀.₀₀₉Cr₀.₀₁₄)₃Al₅O₁₂ (hereinafter referred to as “YAG: Ce, Cr”).
|
||||
|
||||
### Light Emitting Device
|
||||
#### Light Emitting Device
|
||||
|
||||
Nitride semiconductor having a light emission peak wavelength of 450 nm was used as the light emitting element 10 in the light emitting device 100.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -280,17 +280,17 @@ Silicone resin was used as a sealing material constituting the fluorescent membe
|
||||
|
||||
The resin composition was poured on the light emitting element 10 of a depressed portion of the molded article 40 to fill the depressed portion, and heated at 150° C. for 4 hours to cure the resin composition, thereby forming the fluorescent member 50. Thus, the light emitting device 100 as shown in FIG. 1 was produced in each of Examples 1 to 5.
|
||||
|
||||
## Comparative Example 1
|
||||
### Comparative Example 1
|
||||
|
||||
A light emitting device X including a semiconductor light emitting element having a light emission peak wavelength of 450 nm and a light emitting device Y including a semiconductor light emitting element having a light emission peak length of 660 nm were used, and the R/B ratio was adjusted to 2.5.
|
||||
|
||||
### Evaluation
|
||||
#### Evaluation
|
||||
|
||||
### Photon Flux Density
|
||||
#### Photon Flux Density
|
||||
|
||||
Photon flux densities of lights emitted from the light emitting device 100 used in Examples 1 to 5 and the light emitting devices X and Y used in Comparative Example 1 were measured using a photon measuring device (LI-250A, manufactured by Li-COR). The photon flux density B, the photon flux density R, and the photon flux density FR of lights emitted from the light emitting devices used in each of the Examples and Comparative Example; the R/B ratio; and the R/FR ratio are shown in Table 1. FIG. 2 shows spectra showing the relationship between a wavelength and a relative photon flux density, in the light emitting devices used in each Example and Comparative Example.
|
||||
|
||||
### Plant Cultivation Test
|
||||
#### Plant Cultivation Test
|
||||
|
||||
The plant cultivation method includes a method of conducting by “growth period by RGB light source (hereinafter referred to as a first growth period)” and “growth period by light source for plant growth (hereinafter referred to as a second growth period)” using a light emitting device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure as a light source.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -306,21 +306,21 @@ The cultivation test was specifically conducted by the following method.
|
||||
|
||||
Romaine lettuce (green romaine, produced by Nakahara Seed Co., Ltd.) was used as cultivation plant.
|
||||
|
||||
### First Growth Period
|
||||
#### First Growth Period
|
||||
|
||||
Urethane sponges (salad urethane, manufactured by M Hydroponic Research Co., Ltd.) having Romaine lettuce seeded therein were placed side by side on a plastic tray, and were irradiated with light from RGB-LED light source (manufactured by Shibasaki Inc.) to cultivate plants. The plants were cultivated for 16 days under the conditions of room temperature: 22 to 23° C., humidity: 50 to 60%, photon flux density from light emitting device: 100 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ and daytime hour: 16 hours/day. Only water was given until germination, and after the germination (about 4 days later), a solution obtained by mixing Otsuka House #1 (manufactured by Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.) and Otsuka House #2 (manufactured by Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.) in a mass ratio of 3:2 and dissolving the mixture in water was used as a nutrient solution (Otsuka Formulation A). Conductivity of the nutrient was 1.5 ms·cm⁻¹.
|
||||
|
||||
### Second Growth Period
|
||||
#### Second Growth Period
|
||||
|
||||
After the first growth period, the plants were irradiated with light from the light emitting devices of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Example 1, and were subjected to hydroponics.
|
||||
|
||||
The plants were cultivated for 19 days under the conditions of room temperature: 22 to 24° C., humidity: 60 to 70%, CO₂ concentration: 600 to 700 ppm, photon flux density from light emitting device: 125 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ and daytime hour: 16 hours/day. Otsuka Formulation A was used as the nutrient solution. Conductivity of the nutrient was 1.5 ms·cm⁻¹. The values of the R/B and R/FR ratios of light for plant irradiation from each light emitting device in the second growth period are shown in Table 1.
|
||||
|
||||
### Measurement of Fresh Weight (Edible Part)
|
||||
#### Measurement of Fresh Weight (Edible Part)
|
||||
|
||||
The plants after cultivation were harvested, and wet weights of a terrestrial part and a root were measured. The wet weight of a terrestrial part of each of 6 cultivated plants having been subjected to hydroponics by irradiating with light from the light emitting devices of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Example 1 was measured as a fresh weight (edible part) (g). The results obtained are shown in Table 1 and FIG. 3.
|
||||
|
||||
### Measurement of Nitrate Nitrogen Content
|
||||
#### Measurement of Nitrate Nitrogen Content
|
||||
|
||||
The edible part (about 20 g) of each of the cultivated plants, from which a foot about 5 cm had been removed, was frozen with liquid nitrogen and crushed with a juice mixer (laboratory mixer LM-PLUS, manufactured by Osaka Chemical Co., Ltd.) for 1 minute. The resulting liquid was filtered with Miracloth (manufactured by Milipore), and the filtrate was centrifuged at 4° C. and 15,000 rpm for 5 minutes. The nitrate nitrogen content (mg/100 g) in the cultivated plant in the supernatant was measured using a portable reflection photometer system (product name: RQ flex system, manufactured by Merck) and a test paper (product name: Reflectoquant (registered trade mark), manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.). The results are shown in Table 1 and FIG. 4.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, various features may be grou
|
||||
|
||||
The above disclosed subject matter shall be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments which fall within the true spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of the present disclosure may be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.
|
||||
|
||||
## CLAIMS
|
||||
### CLAIMS
|
||||
|
||||
1. A light emitting device comprising: a light emitting element having a light emission peak wavelength in a range of 380 nm or more and 490 nm or less; and a fluorescent material that is excited by light from the light emitting element and emits light having at least one light emission peak wavelength in a range of 580 nm or more and less than 680 nm, wherein the light emitting device emits light having a ratio R/B of a photon flux density R to a photon flux density B within a range of 2.0 or more and 4.0 or less, and a ratio R/FR of the photon flux density R to a photon flux density FR within a range of 0.7 or more and 13.0 or less, wherein the photon flux density R is in a wavelength range of 620 nm or more and less than 700 nm, the photon flux density B is in a wavelength range of 380 nm or more and 490 nm or less, and the photon flux density FR is in a wavelength range of 700 nm or more and 780 nm or less.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "ipa20200022300.xml",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/xml",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
|
||||
# SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING THE OPERATION OF AN ACTUATOR MOUNTED ON A SEED PLANTING IMPLEMENT
|
||||
|
||||
## ABSTRACT
|
||||
### ABSTRACT
|
||||
|
||||
In one aspect, a system for controlling an operation of an actuator mounted on a seed planting implement may include an actuator configured to adjust a position of a row unit of the seed planting implement relative to a toolbar of the seed planting implement. The system may also include a flow restrictor fluidly coupled to a fluid chamber of the actuator, with the flow restrictor being configured to reduce a rate at which fluid is permitted to exit the fluid chamber in a manner that provides damping to the row unit. Furthermore, the system may include a valve fluidly coupled to the flow restrictor in a parallel relationship such that the valve is configured to permit the fluid exiting the fluid chamber to flow through the flow restrictor and the fluid entering the fluid chamber to bypass the flow restrictor.
|
||||
|
||||
## FIELD
|
||||
### FIELD
|
||||
|
||||
The present disclosure generally relates to seed planting implements and, more particularly, to systems for controlling the operation of an actuator mounted on a seed planting implement in a manner that provides damping to one or more components of the seed planting implement.
|
||||
|
||||
## BACKGROUND
|
||||
### BACKGROUND
|
||||
|
||||
Modern farming practices strive to increase yields of agricultural fields. In this respect, seed planting implements are towed behind a tractor or other work vehicle to deposit seeds in a field. For example, seed planting implements typically include one or more ground engaging tools or openers that form a furrow or trench in the soil. One or more dispensing devices of the seed planting implement may, in turn, deposit seeds into the furrow(s). After deposition of the seeds, a packer wheel may pack the soil on top of the deposited seeds.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ In certain instances, the packer wheel may also control the penetration depth of
|
||||
|
||||
Accordingly, an improved system for controlling the operation of an actuator mounted on s seed planting implement to enhance the overall operation of the implement would be welcomed in the technology.
|
||||
|
||||
## BRIEF DESCRIPTION
|
||||
### BRIEF DESCRIPTION
|
||||
|
||||
Aspects and advantages of the technology will be set forth in part in the following description, or may be obvious from the description, or may be learned through practice of the technology.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ In a further aspect, the present subject matter is directed to a system for prov
|
||||
|
||||
These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present technology will become better understood with reference to the following description and appended claims. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the technology and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the technology.
|
||||
|
||||
## BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
|
||||
### BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
|
||||
|
||||
A full and enabling disclosure of the present technology, including the best mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth in the specification, which makes reference to the appended figures, in which:
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of a system fo
|
||||
|
||||
Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the present technology.
|
||||
|
||||
## DETAILED DESCRIPTION
|
||||
### DETAILED DESCRIPTION
|
||||
|
||||
Reference now will be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ Referring now to FIG. 9, a schematic view of a further embodiment of the system
|
||||
|
||||
This written description uses examples to disclose the technology, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the technology, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the technology is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they include structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
|
||||
|
||||
## CLAIMS
|
||||
### CLAIMS
|
||||
|
||||
1. A system for controlling an operation of an actuator mounted on a seed planting implement, the system comprising: a toolbar; a row unit adjustably mounted on the toolbar; a fluid-driven actuator configured to adjust a position of the row unit relative to the toolbar, the fluid-driven actuator defining first and second fluid chambers; a flow restrictor fluidly coupled to the first fluid chamber, the flow restrictor being configured to reduce a rate at which fluid is permitted to exit the first fluid chamber in a manner that provides damping to the row unit; and a valve fluidly coupled to the first fluid chamber, the valve further being fluidly coupled to the flow restrictor in a parallel relationship such that the valve is configured to permit the fluid exiting the first fluid chamber to flow through the flow restrictor and the fluid entering the first fluid chamber to bypass the flow restrictor.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "lorem_ipsum",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
Some text
|
||||
|
||||
## Famous ducks
|
||||
### Famous ducks
|
||||
|
||||
Here is a table:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "pa20010031492.xml",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/xml",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
# Assay reagent
|
||||
|
||||
## ABSTRACT
|
||||
### ABSTRACT
|
||||
|
||||
A cell-derived assay reagent prepared from cells which have been killed by treatment with an antibiotic selected from the bleomycin-phleomycin family of antibiotics but which retain a signal-generating metabolic activity such as bioluminescence.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ FIG. 7: Control cells, stationary phase.
|
||||
|
||||
FIG. 8: Zeocin™ treated cells, stationary phase.
|
||||
|
||||
## EXAMPLE 1
|
||||
### EXAMPLE 1
|
||||
|
||||
## (A) Inactivation of Bioluminescent E. coil Method
|
||||
### (A) Inactivation of Bioluminescent E. coil Method
|
||||
|
||||
1. Bioluminescent genetically modified E. coil strain HB101 (E. coli HB101 made bioluminescent by transformation with a plasmid carrying the lux operon of Vibrio fischeri constructed by the method of Shaw and Kado, as described in Biotechnology 4: 560-564) were grown from a frozen stock in 5 ml of low salt medium (LB (5 g/ml NaCl)+glycerol+MgSO₄) for 24 hours.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ FIG. 8: Zeocin™ treated cells, stationary phase.
|
||||
|
||||
FIG. 1 shows the effect of Zeocin™ treatment on the light output and viable count (per ml) of recombinant bioluminescent E. coil. Zeocin™ was added to a final concentration of 1.5 mg/ml at time zero. The number of viable cells in the culture was observed to decrease with increasing contact cells with Zeocin™, the culture being completely inactivated after 3 hours. The light output from the culture was observed to decrease gradually with increasing Zeocin™ contact time.
|
||||
|
||||
## (B) Production of Assay Reagent
|
||||
### (B) Production of Assay Reagent
|
||||
|
||||
Five hours after the addition of Zeocin™ or water the remaining bacterial cells in the Zeocin™ treated and control cultures were harvested by the centrifugation, washed (to remove traces of Zeocin™ from the Zeocin™ treated culture), re-centrifuged and resuspended in cryoprotectant to an OD₆₃₀ of 0.25. 200 μl aliquots of the cells in cryoprotectant were dispensed into single shot vials, and freeze dried. Freeze dried samples of the Zeocin™ treated cells and control cells were reconstituted in 0.2M sucrose to form assay reagents and the light output of the assay reagents measured at various times after reconstitution.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ The light output from assay reagent prepared from cells exposed to 1.5 mg/ml Zeo
|
||||
|
||||
FIG. 2 shows the light output from five separate vials of reconstituted Zeocin™ treated assay reagent inactivated according to the method of Example 1(A) and processed into assay reagent as described in Example 1(B). Reconstitution solution was added at time zero and thereafter light output was observed to increase steadily before stabilising out at around 15 minutes after reconstitution. All five vials were observed to give similar light profiles after reconstitution.
|
||||
|
||||
## EXAMPLE 2
|
||||
### EXAMPLE 2
|
||||
|
||||
## Sensitivity of Zeocin™ Treated Assay Reagent to Toxicant Method
|
||||
### Sensitivity of Zeocin™ Treated Assay Reagent to Toxicant Method
|
||||
|
||||
1. Bioluminescent genetically modified E. coil strain HB101 (E. coli HB101 made bioluminescent by transformation with a plasmid carrying the lux operon of vibrio fischeri constructed by the method of Shaw and Kado, as described in Biotechnology 4: 560-564) was grown in fermenter as a batch culture in low salt medium (LB(5 g/ml NaCl)+glycerol+MgSO₄).
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ Table 1: Sensitivity of the different assay reagents to ZnSo₄ expressed as EC
|
||||
|
||||
The results of the toxicity assays indicate that Zeocin™ treatment does not significantly affect the sensitivity of a recombinant bioluminescent E. coli derived assay reagent to ZnSO₄. Similar results could be expected with other toxic substances which have an effect on signal-generating metabolic activities.
|
||||
|
||||
## EXAMPLE 3
|
||||
### EXAMPLE 3
|
||||
|
||||
## Method to Determine Viable Count
|
||||
### Method to Determine Viable Count
|
||||
|
||||
1. Samples of bacterial culture to be assayed for viable count were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes to pellet the bacterial cells.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ The results of the toxicity assays indicate that Zeocin™ treatment does not si
|
||||
|
||||
5. The number of bacterial colonies present for each of the three aliquots at each of the serial dilutions were counted and the values averaged. Viable count was calculated per ml of bacterial culture.
|
||||
|
||||
## CLAIMS
|
||||
### CLAIMS
|
||||
|
||||
1. A method of making a non-viable preparation of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, which preparation has a signal-generating metabolic activity, which method comprises contacting a viable culture of said cells having signal-generating metabolic activity with an antibiotic selected from the bleomycin/phleomycin family of antibiotics.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "pftaps057006474.txt",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "text/plain",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
||||
# Carbocation containing cyanine-type dye
|
||||
|
||||
## ABSTRACT
|
||||
### ABSTRACT
|
||||
|
||||
To provide a reagent with excellent stability under storage, which can detect a subject compound to be measured with higher specificity and sensitibity. Complexes of a compound represented by the general formula (IV):
|
||||
|
||||
## BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
### BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
|
||||
1. Field of the Invention
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ However, these known cyanine dyes emitting fluorescence via absorption or excita
|
||||
|
||||
If the dyes are used as labeling agents and bonded to substances from living organisms such as antibodies for preparing complexes, the complexes are likely to be oxidized easily by environmental factors such as light, heat, moisture, atmospheric oxygen and the like or to be subjected to modification such as generating cross-links. Particularly in water, a modification such as hydrolysis is further accelerated, disadvantageously. Therefore, the practical use of these complexes as detecting reagents in carrying out the microassay of the components of living organisms has encountered difficulties because of their poor stability under storage.
|
||||
|
||||
## SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
### SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
|
||||
The present inventors have made various investigations so as to solve the above problems, and have found that a dye of a particular structure, more specifically a particular polymethine dye, and among others, a dye having an azulene skelton, are extremely stable even after the immobilization thereof as a labeling agent onto substances from living organisms. Thus, the inventors have achieved the present invention. It is an object of the present invention to provide a labeled complex with excellent storage stability which can overcome the above problems.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method
|
||||
|
||||
According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of detecting a subject compound to be analyzed by means of optical means which method comprises using a labeled complex comprised of a substance from a living organism and a labeling agent fixed onto the substance and bonding the complex to the subject compound to be analyzed, wherein the labeling agent comprises a compound represented by the general formula (iv).
|
||||
|
||||
## BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
|
||||
### BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
|
||||
|
||||
FIG. 1 depicts one example of fluorescence emitting wave form of a labeling agent.
|
||||
|
||||
## DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
|
||||
### DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
|
||||
|
||||
The present invention will now be explained in detail hereinbelow.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Specific examples of these labeling agents are illustrated in Tables 1, 2 and 3,
|
||||
|
||||
The synthetic method of these azulene dyes is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,908.
|
||||
|
||||
## CLAIMS
|
||||
### CLAIMS
|
||||
|
||||
1. A labeled complex for detecting a subject compound to be analyzed by means of optical means using near-infrared radiation which complex comprises a substance from a living organism and a labeling agent fixed onto the substance, the substance capable of specifically binding to the subject compound, wherein the labeling agent comprises a compound represented by the general formula (IV): wherein A, B, D and E are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atom, a substituted or an unsubstituted alkyl group having two or more carbon atoms, alkenyl group, aralkyl group, aryl group, styryl group and heterocyclic group, and at least one of A and B is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and at least one of D and E is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; r.sub.1 ' and r.sub.2 ' are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atom, a substituted or an unsubstituted alkyl group, cyclic alkyl group, alkenyl group, aralkyl group and aryl group; k is 0 or 1; is 0, 1 or 2; and X.sub.2.sup..crclbar. represents an anion.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "pg06442728.xml",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/xml",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
|
||||
# Methods and apparatus for turbo code
|
||||
|
||||
## ABSTRACT
|
||||
### ABSTRACT
|
||||
|
||||
An interleaver receives incoming data frames of size N. The interleaver indexes the elements of the frame with an N₁×N₂ index array. The interleaver then effectively rearranges (permutes) the data by permuting the rows of the index array. The interleaver employs the equation I(j,k)=I(j,αjk+βj)modP) to permute the columns (indexed by k) of each row (indexed by j). P is at least equal to N₂, βj is a constant which may be different for each row, and each αj is a relative prime number relative to P. After permuting, the interleaver outputs the data in a different order than received (e.g., receives sequentially row by row, outputs sequentially each column by column).
|
||||
|
||||
## CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
|
||||
### CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
|
||||
|
||||
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/115,394 filed Jan. 11, 1999.
|
||||
|
||||
## FIELD OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
### FIELD OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
|
||||
This invention relates generally to communication systems and, more particularly, to interleavers for performing code modulation.
|
||||
|
||||
## BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
### BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
|
||||
Techniques for encoding communication channels, known as coded modulation, have been found to improve the bit error rate (BER) of electronic communication systems such as modem and wireless communication systems. Turbo coded modulation has proven to be a practical, power-efficient, and bandwidth-efficient modulation method for “random-error” channels characterized by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or fading. These random-error channels can be found, for example, in the code division multiple access (CDMA) environment. Since the capacity of a CDMA environment is dependent upon the operating signal to noise ratio, improved performance translates into higher capacity.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ It is also an object of the present invention to provide systems and methods of
|
||||
|
||||
These and other objects of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description thereof.
|
||||
|
||||
## SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
### SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
|
||||
The foregoing objects, and others, may be accomplished by the present invention, which interleaves a data frame, where the data frame has a predetermined size and is made up of portions. An embodiment of the invention includes an interleaver for interleaving these data frames. The interleaver includes an input memory configured to store a received data frame as an array organized into rows and columns, a processor connected to the input memory and configured to permute the received data frame in accordance with the equation D(j,k)=D (j, (αjk+βj)modP), and a working memory in electrical communication with the processor and configured to store a permuted version of the data frame. The elements of the equation are as follows: D is the data frame, j and k are indexes to the rows and columns, respectively, in the data frame, α and β are sets of constants selected according to the current row, and P and each αj are relative prime numbers. (“Relative prime numbers” connotes a set of numbers that have no common divisor other than 1. Members of a set of relative prime numbers, considered by themselves, need not be prime numbers.)
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Still another embodiment of the invention includes an interleaver which includes
|
||||
|
||||
The invention will next be described in connection with certain illustrated embodiments and practices. However, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that various modifications, additions and subtractions can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims.
|
||||
|
||||
## BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
|
||||
### BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
|
||||
|
||||
The invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ FIG. 4 depicts a data frame stored in consecutive storage locations;
|
||||
|
||||
FIG. 5 depicts an index array for indexing the data frame shown in FIG. 4, and permutation of the index array.
|
||||
|
||||
## DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
### DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
|
||||
|
||||
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional turbo encoder. As illustrated, conventional turbo encoders include two encoders 20 and an interleaver 100. An interleaver 100 in accordance with the present invention receives incoming data frames 110 of size N, where N is the number of bits, number of bytes, or the number of some other portion the frame may be separated into, which are regarded as frame elements. The interleaver 100 separates the N frame elements into sets of data, such as rows. The interleaver then rearranges (permutes) the data in each set (row) in a pseudo-random fashion. The interleaver 100 may employ different methods for rearranging the data of the different sets. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more of the methods could be reused on one or more of the sets without departing from the scope of the invention. After permuting the data in each of the sets, the interleaver outputs the data in a different order than received.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ It will be understood that changes may be made in the above construction and in
|
||||
|
||||
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention as described herein, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.
|
||||
|
||||
## CLAIMS
|
||||
### CLAIMS
|
||||
|
||||
1. A method of interleaving elements of frames of signal data communication channel, the method comprising; storing a frame of signal data comprising a plurality of elements as an array D having N₁ rows enumerated as 0, 1, . . . N₁−1; and N₂ columns enumerated as 0, 1, . . . N₂−1, wherein N₁ and N₂ are positive integers greater than 1; and permuting array D into array D₁ according to D₁(𝑗,𝑘)=D(𝑗,(αj𝑘+βj)𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑃) wherein j is an index through the rows of arrays D and D₁; k is an index through the columns of arrays D and D₁; αj and βj are integers predetermined for each row j; P is an integer at least equal to N₂; and each αj is a relative prime number relative to P.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "powerpoint_sample",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "powerpoint_with_image",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
|
||||
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ Front cover
|
||||
| 1.3.2 New controls: Row and Column Access Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 5 |
|
||||
| Chapter 2. Roles and separation of duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 7 |
|
||||
| 2.1 Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 8 |
|
||||
| 2.1.1 DDM and DRDA application server access: QIBM\_DB\_DDMDRDA . . . . . . . . . . . | 8 |
|
||||
| 2.1.2 Toolbox application server access: QIBM\_DB\_ZDA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 8 |
|
||||
| 2.1.3 Database Administrator function: QIBM\_DB\_SQLADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 9 |
|
||||
| 2.1.4 Database Information function: QIBM\_DB\_SYSMON | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 |
|
||||
| 2.1.5 Security Administrator function: QIBM\_DB\_SECADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 9 |
|
||||
| 2.1.1 DDM and DRDA application server access: QIBM_DB_DDMDRDA . . . . . . . . . . . | 8 |
|
||||
| 2.1.2 Toolbox application server access: QIBM_DB_ZDA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 8 |
|
||||
| 2.1.3 Database Administrator function: QIBM_DB_SQLADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 9 |
|
||||
| 2.1.4 Database Information function: QIBM_DB_SYSMON | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 |
|
||||
| 2.1.5 Security Administrator function: QIBM_DB_SECADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 9 |
|
||||
| 2.1.6 Change Function Usage CL command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 10 |
|
||||
| 2.1.7 Verifying function usage IDs for RCAC with the FUNCTION\_USAGE view . . . . . | 10 |
|
||||
| 2.1.7 Verifying function usage IDs for RCAC with the FUNCTION_USAGE view . . . . . | 10 |
|
||||
| 2.2 Separation of duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 | |
|
||||
| Chapter 3. Row and Column Access Control | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 |
|
||||
| 3.1 Explanation of RCAC and the concept of access control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 14 |
|
||||
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ Front cover
|
||||
| 3.2 Special registers and built-in global variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 18 |
|
||||
| 3.2.1 Special registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 18 |
|
||||
| 3.2.2 Built-in global variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 19 |
|
||||
| 3.3 VERIFY\_GROUP\_FOR\_USER function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 20 |
|
||||
| 3.3 VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 20 |
|
||||
| 3.4 Establishing and controlling accessibility by using the RCAC rule text . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 21 |
|
||||
| Human resources example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | |
|
||||
| 3.6 | 22 |
|
||||
| 3.6.1 Assigning the QIBM\_DB\_SECADM function ID to the consultants. . . . . . . . . . . . | 23 23 |
|
||||
| 3.6.1 Assigning the QIBM_DB_SECADM function ID to the consultants. . . . . . . . . . . . | 23 23 |
|
||||
| 3.6.2 Creating group profiles for the users and their roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | |
|
||||
| 3.6.3 Demonstrating data access without RCAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 24 |
|
||||
| 3.6.4 Defining and creating row permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 25 |
|
||||
@@ -188,10 +188,10 @@ Table 2-1 FUNCTION\_USAGE view
|
||||
|
||||
| Column name | Data type | Description |
|
||||
|---------------|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||||
| FUNCTION\_ID | VARCHAR(30) | ID of the function. |
|
||||
| USER\_NAME | VARCHAR(10) | Name of the user profile that has a usage setting for this function. |
|
||||
| USAGE | VARCHAR(7) | Usage setting: GLYPH<SM590000> ALLOWED: The user profile is allowed to use the function. GLYPH<SM590000> DENIED: The user profile is not allowed to use the function. |
|
||||
| USER\_TYPE | VARCHAR(5) | Type of user profile: GLYPH<SM590000> USER: The user profile is a user. GLYPH<SM590000> GROUP: The user profile is a group. |
|
||||
| FUNCTION_ID | VARCHAR(30) | ID of the function. |
|
||||
| USER_NAME | VARCHAR(10) | Name of the user profile that has a usage setting for this function. |
|
||||
| USAGE | VARCHAR(7) | Usage setting: GLYPH<SM590000> ALLOWED: The user profile is allowed to use the function. GLYPH<SM590000> DENIED: The user profile is not allowed to use the function. |
|
||||
| USER_TYPE | VARCHAR(5) | Type of user profile: GLYPH<SM590000> USER: The user profile is a user. GLYPH<SM590000> GROUP: The user profile is a group. |
|
||||
|
||||
To discover who has authorization to define and manage RCAC, you can use the query that is shown in Example 2-1.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ Table 2-2 shows a comparison of the different function usage IDs and *JOBCTL aut
|
||||
|
||||
Table 2-2 Comparison of the different function usage IDs and *JOBCTL authority
|
||||
|
||||
| User action | *JOBCTL | QIBM\_DB\_SECADM | QIBM\_DB\_SQLADM | QIBM\_DB\_SYSMON | No Authority |
|
||||
| User action | *JOBCTL | QIBM_DB_SECADM | QIBM_DB_SQLADM | QIBM_DB_SYSMON | No Authority |
|
||||
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|------------------|------------------|------------------|----------------|
|
||||
| SET CURRENT DEGREE (SQL statement) | X | | X | | |
|
||||
| CHGQRYA command targeting a different user’s job | X | | X | | |
|
||||
@@ -262,9 +262,9 @@ Table 3-1 Special registers and their corresponding values
|
||||
|
||||
| Special register | Corresponding value |
|
||||
|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||||
| USER or SESSION\_USER | The effective user of the thread excluding adopted authority. |
|
||||
| CURRENT\_USER | The effective user of the thread including adopted authority. When no adopted authority is present, this has the same value as USER. |
|
||||
| SYSTEM\_USER | The authorization ID that initiated the connection. |
|
||||
| USER or SESSION_USER | The effective user of the thread excluding adopted authority. |
|
||||
| CURRENT_USER | The effective user of the thread including adopted authority. When no adopted authority is present, this has the same value as USER. |
|
||||
| SYSTEM_USER | The authorization ID that initiated the connection. |
|
||||
|
||||
Figure 3-5 shows the difference in the special register values when an adopted authority is used:
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -290,15 +290,15 @@ Table 3-2 Built-in global variables
|
||||
|
||||
| Global variable | Type | Description |
|
||||
|-----------------------|--------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||||
| CLIENT\_HOST | VARCHAR(255) | Host name of the current client as returned by the system |
|
||||
| CLIENT\_IPADDR | VARCHAR(128) | IP address of the current client as returned by the system |
|
||||
| CLIENT\_PORT | INTEGER | Port used by the current client to communicate with the server |
|
||||
| PACKAGE\_NAME | VARCHAR(128) | Name of the currently running package |
|
||||
| PACKAGE\_SCHEMA | VARCHAR(128) | Schema name of the currently running package |
|
||||
| PACKAGE\_VERSION | VARCHAR(64) | Version identifier of the currently running package |
|
||||
| ROUTINE\_SCHEMA | VARCHAR(128) | Schema name of the currently running routine |
|
||||
| ROUTINE\_SPECIFIC\_NAME | VARCHAR(128) | Name of the currently running routine |
|
||||
| ROUTINE\_TYPE | CHAR(1) | Type of the currently running routine |
|
||||
| CLIENT_HOST | VARCHAR(255) | Host name of the current client as returned by the system |
|
||||
| CLIENT_IPADDR | VARCHAR(128) | IP address of the current client as returned by the system |
|
||||
| CLIENT_PORT | INTEGER | Port used by the current client to communicate with the server |
|
||||
| PACKAGE_NAME | VARCHAR(128) | Name of the currently running package |
|
||||
| PACKAGE_SCHEMA | VARCHAR(128) | Schema name of the currently running package |
|
||||
| PACKAGE_VERSION | VARCHAR(64) | Version identifier of the currently running package |
|
||||
| ROUTINE_SCHEMA | VARCHAR(128) | Schema name of the currently running routine |
|
||||
| ROUTINE_SPECIFIC_NAME | VARCHAR(128) | Name of the currently running routine |
|
||||
| ROUTINE_TYPE | CHAR(1) | Type of the currently running routine |
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.3 VERIFY\_GROUP\_FOR\_USER function
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
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File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
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File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "tablecell",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "test-01",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
|
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|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "test_emf_docx",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "unit_test_01",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "text/html",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
|
||||
# Title
|
||||
|
||||
## section-1
|
||||
### section-1
|
||||
|
||||
### section-1.1
|
||||
#### section-1.1
|
||||
|
||||
## section-2
|
||||
### section-2
|
||||
|
||||
#### section-2.0.1
|
||||
##### section-2.0.1
|
||||
|
||||
### section-2.2
|
||||
#### section-2.2
|
||||
|
||||
### section-2.3
|
||||
#### section-2.3
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "unit_test_headers",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "unit_test_headers_numbered",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "unit_test_lists",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
|
||||
"name": "wiki_duck",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
||||
"mimetype": "text/html",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae
|
||||
|
||||
Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
|
||||
|
||||
## Etymology
|
||||
### Etymology
|
||||
|
||||
The word duck comes from Old English dūce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *dūcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ Wood ducks.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- image -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Taxonomy
|
||||
### Taxonomy
|
||||
|
||||
All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfami
|
||||
|
||||
A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]
|
||||
|
||||
## Morphology
|
||||
### Morphology
|
||||
|
||||
Male Mandarin duck
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relativ
|
||||
|
||||
The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
|
||||
|
||||
## Distribution and habitat
|
||||
### Distribution and habitat
|
||||
|
||||
Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -264,9 +264,9 @@ Female mallard in Cornwall, England
|
||||
|
||||
Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]
|
||||
|
||||
## Behaviour
|
||||
### Behaviour
|
||||
|
||||
### Feeding
|
||||
#### Feeding
|
||||
|
||||
Pecten along the bill
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs
|
||||
|
||||
The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]
|
||||
|
||||
### Breeding
|
||||
#### Breeding
|
||||
|
||||
A Muscovy duckling
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -296,13 +296,13 @@ A Muscovy duckling
|
||||
|
||||
Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]
|
||||
|
||||
### Communication
|
||||
#### Communication
|
||||
|
||||
Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup – which are diving ducks – make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.
|
||||
|
||||
A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]
|
||||
|
||||
### Predators
|
||||
#### Predators
|
||||
|
||||
Ringed teal
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -312,15 +312,15 @@ Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their in
|
||||
|
||||
Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.
|
||||
|
||||
## Relationship with humans
|
||||
### Relationship with humans
|
||||
|
||||
### Hunting
|
||||
#### Hunting
|
||||
|
||||
Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 – 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that Māori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]
|
||||
|
||||
In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]
|
||||
|
||||
### Domestication
|
||||
#### Domestication
|
||||
|
||||
Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
|
||||
|
||||
Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]
|
||||
|
||||
### Heraldry
|
||||
#### Heraldry
|
||||
|
||||
Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -336,13 +336,13 @@ Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
|
||||
|
||||
Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lubāna (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]
|
||||
|
||||
### Cultural references
|
||||
#### Cultural references
|
||||
|
||||
In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck."[52] The word "duck" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986.
|
||||
|
||||
The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]
|
||||
|
||||
## See also
|
||||
### See also
|
||||
|
||||
- Birds portal
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -353,9 +353,9 @@ The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck a
|
||||
- Fictional ducks
|
||||
- Rubber duck
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
### Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Citations
|
||||
#### Citations
|
||||
|
||||
1. ^ "Duckling". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
|
||||
2. ^ "Duckling". Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version). K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
|
||||
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck a
|
||||
54. ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 161. ISBN 978-0756641238. December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.
|
||||
55. ^ "The Duck". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
|
||||
|
||||
### Sources
|
||||
#### Sources
|
||||
|
||||
- American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Checklist of North American Birds (PDF). Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. ISBN 978-1-891276-00-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
|
||||
- Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.
|
||||
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck a
|
||||
- Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Autochthonous Societies. General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7.
|
||||
- Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origins of Agriculture in Europe. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5.
|
||||
|
||||
## External links
|
||||
### External links
|
||||
|
||||
- Definitions from Wiktionary
|
||||
- Media from Commons
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
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|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
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"version": "1.3.0",
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"name": "word_sample",
|
||||
"origin": {
|
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"mimetype": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
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||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"schema_name": "DoclingDocument",
|
||||
"version": "1.1.0",
|
||||
"version": "1.3.0",
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||||
"name": "word_tables",
|
||||
"origin": {
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"mimetype": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
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||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user