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Docling/tests/data/html/wiki_duck.html
Peter W. J. Staar f542460af3
fix: fix duplicate title and heading + add e2e tests for html and docx (#186) 
* add real e2e tests for html and docx

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* updated the output of itxt

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* reformatted the text

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* fixed the tests

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* fixed the tests (2)

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* fixed the examples (1)

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* fixed the output of the test

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* updated the tests, moved the ground-truth

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* moved the ground-truth data

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* fixed the html tests

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* restructure title fix (#187)

Signed-off-by: Panos Vagenas <35837085+vagenas@users.noreply.github.com>

---------

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Panos Vagenas <35837085+vagenas@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Panos Vagenas <35837085+vagenas@users.noreply.github.com>
2024-10-30 13:14:56 +01:00

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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span>
<span>Etymology</span>
</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Taxonomy"
class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span>
<span>Taxonomy</span>
</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Morphology"
class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>
<span>Morphology</span>
</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat"
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>
<span>Distribution and habitat</span>
</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Behaviour"
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span>
<span>Behaviour</span>
</div>
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<li id="toc-Feeding"
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span>
<span>Feeding</span>
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<ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Breeding"
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span>
<span>Breeding</span>
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<ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Communication"
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span>
<span>Communication</span>
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</a>
<ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Predators"
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span>
<span>Predators</span>
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<ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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</ul>
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<li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans"
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span>
<span>Relationship with humans</span>
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<li id="toc-Hunting"
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span>
<span>Hunting</span>
</div>
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<ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Domestication"
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span>
<span>Domestication</span>
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<ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Heraldry"
class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span>
<span>Heraldry</span>
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<ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Cultural_references"
class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span>
<span>Cultural references</span>
</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<li id="toc-See_also"
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>
<span>See also</span>
</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Notes"
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>
<span>Notes</span>
</div>
</a>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span>
<span>Citations</span>
</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Sources"
class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span>
<span>Sources</span>
</div>
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</li>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>
<span>External links</span>
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</a>
<ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Duck</span></h1>
<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" >
<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" >
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<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A9k" title="Iték – Achinese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Iték" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Achinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eend" title="Eend – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eend" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente" title="Ente – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ente" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%AD%E1%8B%AC" title="ዳክዬ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዳክዬ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ened" title="Ened – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ened" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7" title="بط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anade" title="Anade – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anade" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9B%DC%90" title="ܒܛܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܛܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphi" title="Paphi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Paphi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%ADu" title="Coríu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Coríu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicip" title="Cicip – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Cicip" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Ордек – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ордек" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkalla" title="Unkalla – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Unkalla" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9" title="اؤردک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اؤردک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9b%C3%A9k" title="Bébék – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bébék" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8" title="হাঁস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাঁস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah" title="Ah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Качкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Качкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Качкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Качкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik" title="Itik – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Itik" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Патица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houad_(evn)" title="Houad (evn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Houad (evn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0h%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нугаhан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нугаhан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80necs" title="Ànecs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ànecs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăвакалсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăвакалсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachna" title="Kachna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kachna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhadha" title="Dhadha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dhadha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwyaden" title="Hwyaden – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hwyaden" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbunya%C9%A3u" title="Gbunyaɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gbunyaɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86nder" title="Ænder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ænder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent" title="Ent – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Ent" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enten" title="Enten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8" title="हाँस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हाँस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Πάπια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A0dra" title="Anàdra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Anàdra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato" title="Pato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaso" title="Anaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahate" title="Ahate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ahate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="مرغابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرغابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard" title="Canard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacha" title="Lacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato" title="Pato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Боабашкаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Боабашкаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8" title="鴨 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鴨" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="بيلي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بيلي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌸𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌸𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95" title="बदक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बदक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap-%C3%A8" title="Ap-è – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ap-è" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC" title="오리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agwagwa" title="Agwagwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Agwagwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բադեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բադեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%96" title="बत्तख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बत्तख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka" title="Patka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Patka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anado" title="Anado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik" title="Itik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Itik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitiq" title="Mitiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Mitiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nd" title="Önd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Önd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatra" title="Anatra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anatra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%96" title="ברווז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברווז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8b%C3%A8k" title="Bèbèk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bèbèk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬಾತುಕೋಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾತುಕೋಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi" title="Bibi – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bibi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იხვები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იხვები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%B7%D9%8F%D8%AE" title="بَطُخ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بَطُخ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Үйрек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үйрек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbata" title="Imbata – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Imbata" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivadangu" title="Kivadangu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kivadangu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanna" title="Kanna – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kanna" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Лыдывлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Лыдывлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ເປັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເປັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_(avis)" title="Anas (avis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anas (avis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABle" title="Pīle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pīle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antis" title="Antis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe" title="Bebe – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Bebe" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annia" title="Annia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Annia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenj" title="Aenj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aenj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libat%C3%A1" title="Libatá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libatá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganagana" title="Ganagana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ganagana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="താറാവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താറാവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95" title="बदक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बदक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سیکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itik" title="Itik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Itik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯉꯥꯅꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯉꯥꯅꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81k" title="Ák – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ák" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Яксярга – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Яксярга" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Нугас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нугас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2" title="ဘဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenden" title="Eenden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eenden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente" title="Ente – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ente" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8" title="हाँस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हाँस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="हँय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हँय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A2" title="カモ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カモ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Бедаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бедаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/And" title="And – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="And" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guit" title="Guit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daakiyyee" title="Daakiyyee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Daakiyyee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC" title="ਬਤਖ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਤਖ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A8rd" title="Canèrd – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Canèrd" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanten" title="Aanten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aanten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczka" title="Kaczka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaczka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato" title="Pato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiy" title="Papiy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Papiy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Rață – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rață" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Утки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Утки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кустар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кустар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱜᱮᱰᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱮᱰᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anade" title="Anade – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Anade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuk" title="Deuk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Deuk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oante" title="Oante – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Oante" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa" title="Rosa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rosa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0para_(%C3%A0natra)" title="Pàpara (ànatra) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pàpara (ànatra)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="තාරාවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාරාවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck" title="Duck – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Duck" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%AA" title="بدڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بدڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="مراوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مراوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Патка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patka" title="Patka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egentliga_andf%C3%A5glar" title="Egentliga andfåglar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Egentliga andfåglar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi" title="Bibi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bibi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="வாத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%E1%B9%9Bik" title="Abṛik – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abṛik" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Үрдәкләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үрдәкләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94" title="เป็ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เป็ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rdek" title="Ördek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ördek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Качки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Качки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%83" title="ئۆردەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۆردەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_(doenghduz)" title="Bit (doenghduz) – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bit (doenghduz)" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Bt" title="Vịt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vịt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A5rd" title="Canård – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Canård" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8" title="鴨 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鴨" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato" title="Pato – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pato" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AD" title="鸭 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鸭" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8" title="鴨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鴨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABl%C4%97" title="Pīlė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pīlė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AD" title="鸭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鸭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li>
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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duckling&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Duckling">Duckling</a>)</span></div></div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Common name for many species of bird</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see <a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck as food</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Duck_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Duck (disambiguation)">Duck (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Duckling_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Duckling (disambiguation)">Duckling (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Duck
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucephala-albeola-010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bucephala-albeola-010.jpg/220px-Bucephala-albeola-010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bucephala-albeola-010.jpg/330px-Bucephala-albeola-010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bucephala-albeola-010.jpg/440px-Bucephala-albeola-010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Bufflehead" title="Bufflehead">Bufflehead</a><br />(<i>Bucephala albeola</i>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Anatidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Domain:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Superfamily:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Anatoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoidea">Anatoidea</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subfamilies
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<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<p>See text
</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style>
<p><b>Duck</b> is the common name for numerous species of <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a>. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a <a href="/wiki/Form_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Form taxon">form taxon</a>; they do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic group">monophyletic group</a> (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic bird">aquatic birds</a>, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.
</p><p>Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">loons</a> or divers, <a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">grebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallinule" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallinule">gallinules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coot" title="Coot">coots</a>.
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" />
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>
<p>The word <i>duck</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">dūce</i></span> 'diver', a derivative of the verb <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">&#42;<i lang="ang">dūcan</i></span> 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the <a href="/wiki/Dabbling_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabbling duck">dabbling duck</a> group feed by upending; compare with <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">duiken</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">tauchen</i></span> 'to dive'.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Black_Ducks_on_pond_ducking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pacific_Black_Ducks_on_pond_ducking.jpg/220px-Pacific_Black_Ducks_on_pond_ducking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pacific_Black_Ducks_on_pond_ducking.jpg/330px-Pacific_Black_Ducks_on_pond_ducking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pacific_Black_Ducks_on_pond_ducking.jpg/440px-Pacific_Black_Ducks_on_pond_ducking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pacific_black_duck" title="Pacific black duck">Pacific black duck</a> displaying the characteristic upending "duck"</figcaption></figure>
<p>This word replaced Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ened</i></span> /<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ænid</i></span> 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ende</i></span> 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for <i>duck</i>, for example, Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">eend</i></span>, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ente</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">and</i></span>. The word <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ened</i></span> /<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ænid</i></span> was inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>anas</i> "duck", <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">ántis</i></span> 'duck', <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νῆσσα</span></span> /<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νῆττα</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">nēssa</i></span> /<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">nētta</i></span>) 'duck', and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">ātí</i></span> 'water bird', among others.
</p><p>A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or baby duck,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
</p><p>A male is called a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drake" class="extiw" title="wikt:drake">drake</a> and the female is called a duck, or in <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithology</a> a hen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallard-drake-chicago-march-2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mallard-drake-chicago-march-2024.jpg/220px-Mallard-drake-chicago-march-2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mallard-drake-chicago-march-2024.jpg/330px-Mallard-drake-chicago-march-2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mallard-drake-chicago-march-2024.jpg/440px-Mallard-drake-chicago-march-2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2135" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">mallard</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood-ducks-male-female-chicago-march-2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wood-ducks-male-female-chicago-march-2024.jpg/220px-Wood-ducks-male-female-chicago-march-2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wood-ducks-male-female-chicago-march-2024.jpg/330px-Wood-ducks-male-female-chicago-march-2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wood-ducks-male-female-chicago-march-2024.jpg/440px-Wood-ducks-male-female-chicago-march-2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">Wood ducks</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div>
<p>All ducks belong to the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">biological order</a> <a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a>, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Screamer" title="Screamer">screamers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Magpie_goose" title="Magpie goose">magpie goose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> All except the screamers belong to the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">biological family</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some base their decisions on <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological characteristics</a>, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The significant level of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridisation</a> that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallard_drake_.02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mallard_drake_.02.jpg/220px-Mallard_drake_.02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mallard_drake_.02.jpg/330px-Mallard_drake_.02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mallard_drake_.02.jpg/440px-Mallard_drake_.02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a> landing in approach</figcaption></figure>
<p>In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks – named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005448_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005448-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005686_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005686-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The <a href="/wiki/Whistling_duck" title="Whistling duck">whistling ducks</a> are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists&#39;_Union1998xix_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists&#39;_Union1998xix-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Freckled_duck" title="Freckled duck">freckled duck</a> of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shelduck" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelduck">shelducks</a> make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists&#39;_Union1998_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists&#39;_Union1998-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Steamer_duck" title="Steamer duck">steamer ducks</a> are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Perching_duck" title="Perching duck">perching ducks</a> make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Torrent_duck" title="Torrent duck">torrent duck</a> is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pink-eared_duck" title="Pink-eared duck">pink-eared duck</a> is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or the tribe Malacorhynchini,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandarin.duck.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mandarin.duck.arp.jpg/220px-Mandarin.duck.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mandarin.duck.arp.jpg/330px-Mandarin.duck.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mandarin.duck.arp.jpg/440px-Mandarin.duck.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_duck" title="Mandarin duck">Mandarin duck</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The overall <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a> of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">bill</a> is usually broad and contains serrated <a href="/wiki/Pecten_(biology)" title="Pecten (biology)">pectens</a>, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">flight</a> of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of <a href="/wiki/Steamer_duck" title="Steamer duck">steamer duck</a> are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while <a href="/wiki/Moult" class="mw-redirect" title="Moult">moulting</a>; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migration</a>.
</p><p>The drakes of northern species often have extravagant <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a>, but that is <a href="/wiki/Moult" class="mw-redirect" title="Moult">moulted</a> in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, although there are exceptions such as the <a href="/wiki/Paradise_shelduck" title="Paradise shelduck">paradise shelduck</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Anseriformes_by_population" title="List of Anseriformes by population">List of Anseriformes by population</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_day_in_Ushuaia,_Argentina.Flying_Steamer-Ducks_(Tachyeres_patachonicus)_in_various_artistic_settings.Harbour_silhouettes._(25921897721).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Last_day_in_Ushuaia%2C_Argentina.Flying_Steamer-Ducks_%28Tachyeres_patachonicus%29_in_various_artistic_settings.Harbour_silhouettes._%2825921897721%29.jpg/220px-Last_day_in_Ushuaia%2C_Argentina.Flying_Steamer-Ducks_%28Tachyeres_patachonicus%29_in_various_artistic_settings.Harbour_silhouettes._%2825921897721%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Last_day_in_Ushuaia%2C_Argentina.Flying_Steamer-Ducks_%28Tachyeres_patachonicus%29_in_various_artistic_settings.Harbour_silhouettes._%2825921897721%29.jpg/330px-Last_day_in_Ushuaia%2C_Argentina.Flying_Steamer-Ducks_%28Tachyeres_patachonicus%29_in_various_artistic_settings.Harbour_silhouettes._%2825921897721%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Last_day_in_Ushuaia%2C_Argentina.Flying_Steamer-Ducks_%28Tachyeres_patachonicus%29_in_various_artistic_settings.Harbour_silhouettes._%2825921897721%29.jpg/440px-Last_day_in_Ushuaia%2C_Argentina.Flying_Steamer-Ducks_%28Tachyeres_patachonicus%29_in_various_artistic_settings.Harbour_silhouettes._%2825921897721%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7846" data-file-height="5231" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flying_steamer_ducks" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying steamer ducks">Flying steamer ducks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a>, Argentina</figcaption></figure>
<p>Ducks have a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>, where they are often <dfn id=""><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#vagrants" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § vagrants" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">vagrants</span></a></dfn> and less often <dfn id=""><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#residents" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § residents" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">residents</span></a></dfn>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A handful are <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to such far-flung islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Mallard_at_Menacuddle_Well.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A brown duck in a fast-flowing stream" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Female_Mallard_at_Menacuddle_Well.jpg/220px-Female_Mallard_at_Menacuddle_Well.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Female_Mallard_at_Menacuddle_Well.jpg/330px-Female_Mallard_at_Menacuddle_Well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Female_Mallard_at_Menacuddle_Well.jpg/440px-Female_Mallard_at_Menacuddle_Well.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Female mallard in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England</figcaption></figure>
<p>Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duck_1_filter_teeth_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Duck_1_filter_teeth_edit.jpg/220px-Duck_1_filter_teeth_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Duck_1_filter_teeth_edit.jpg/330px-Duck_1_filter_teeth_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Duck_1_filter_teeth_edit.jpg/440px-Duck_1_filter_teeth_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pecten_(biology)" title="Pecten (biology)">Pecten</a> along the bill</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm/220px--Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Duckling_preening_(81313).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Duckling_preening_(81313).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm.m3u8" type="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl" data-transcodekey="m3u8" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm/Duckling_preening_%2881313%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a> duckling preening</figcaption></figure>
<p>Ducks eat food sources such as <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a>, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Dabbling_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabbling duck">Dabbling ducks</a> feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a <a href="/wiki/Pecten_(biology)" title="Pecten (biology)">pecten</a>. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">Diving ducks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea duck">sea ducks</a> forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.
</p><p>A few specialized species such as the <a href="/wiki/Merganser" class="mw-redirect" title="Merganser">mergansers</a> are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.
</p><p>The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no <a href="/wiki/Cere" class="mw-redirect" title="Cere">cere</a>, but the nostrils come out through hard horn.
</p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it <a href="/wiki/Angel_wing" title="Angel wing">damages the health of the ducks</a> and pollutes waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parrulo_-Muscovy_duckling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Parrulo_-Muscovy_duckling.jpg/220px-Parrulo_-Muscovy_duckling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Parrulo_-Muscovy_duckling.jpg/330px-Parrulo_-Muscovy_duckling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Parrulo_-Muscovy_duckling.jpg/440px-Parrulo_-Muscovy_duckling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_duck" title="Muscovy duck">Muscovy duckling</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Ducks generally <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">only have one partner at a time</a>, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (<a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">nest</a> before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyard</a>) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div>
<p>Female <a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">mallard</a> ducks (as well as several other species in the genus <i>Anas</i>, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_black_duck" title="American black duck">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_black_duck" title="Pacific black duck">Pacific black ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spot-billed_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot-billed duck">spot-billed duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">northern pintail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_teal" class="mw-redirect" title="Common teal">common teal</a>) make the classic "quack" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as "breeeeze",<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not "quack".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In general, ducks make a range of <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird vocalisation">calls</a>, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Scaup" title="Scaup">scaup</a> &#8211; which are <a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">diving ducks</a> &#8211; make a noise like "scaup" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.
</p><p>A common <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a> claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salford" title="University of Salford">University of Salford</a> in 2003 as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association">British Association</a>'s Festival of Science.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was also debunked in <a href="/wiki/MythBusters_(2003_season)#Does_a_Duck&#39;s_Quack_Echo?" title="MythBusters (2003 season)">one of the earlier episodes</a> of the popular Discovery Channel television show <i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators">Predators</h3></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringedteal.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ringedteal.PNG/220px-Ringedteal.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ringedteal.PNG/330px-Ringedteal.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Ringedteal.PNG 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ringed_teal" title="Ringed teal">Ringed teal</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like <a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a>, predatory <a href="/wiki/Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">testudines</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle" title="Alligator snapping turtle">alligator snapping turtle</a>, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, or large birds, such as <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a>.
</p><p>Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American <a href="/wiki/Muskellunge" title="Muskellunge">muskie</a> and the European <a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">pike</a>. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting">Hunting</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></div>
<p>Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">middens</a> in California dating to 7800 – 6400 <a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">BP</a> have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ducks were captured in "significant numbers" by <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> inhabitants of the lower <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Scandinavia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Switzerland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERau1876133_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERau1876133-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigman201223_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigman201223-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Archeological evidence shows that <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> in New Zealand hunted the flightless <a href="/wiki/Finsch%27s_duck" title="Finsch&#39;s duck">Finsch's duck</a>, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201253_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201253-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A similar end awaited the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham duck">Chatham duck</a>, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201252_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201252-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> by shooting, or by being trapped using <a href="/wiki/Duck_decoy_(structure)" title="Duck decoy (structure)">duck decoys</a>. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, "a sitting duck" has come to mean "an easy target". These ducks may be <a href="/wiki/Duck_(food)#Pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck (food)">contaminated by pollutants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_duck" title="Domestic duck">Domestic duck</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunnel_of_ducks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tunnel_of_ducks.jpg/220px-Tunnel_of_ducks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tunnel_of_ducks.jpg/330px-Tunnel_of_ducks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tunnel_of_ducks.jpg/440px-Tunnel_of_ducks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Runner_duck" title="Indian Runner duck">Indian Runner ducks</a>, a common breed of domestic ducks</figcaption></figure>
<p>Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">down</a>). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the <a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">mallard</a> (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>), apart from the <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_duck" title="Muscovy duck">Muscovy duck</a> (<i>Cairina moschata</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Call_duck" title="Call duck">Call duck</a> is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1&#160;kg (2.2&#160;lb).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h3></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maaninka.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Maaninka.vaakuna.svg/130px-Maaninka.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Maaninka.vaakuna.svg/195px-Maaninka.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Maaninka.vaakuna.svg/260px-Maaninka.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Maaninka" title="Maaninka">Maaninka</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Ducks appear on several <a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms">coats of arms</a>, including the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Lub%C4%81na" title="Lubāna">Lubāna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6gl%C3%B6" title="Föglö">Föglö</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h3></div>
<p>In 2002, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a> and colleagues at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" title="University of Hertfordshire">University of Hertfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, finished a year-long <a href="/wiki/LaughLab" class="mw-redirect" title="LaughLab">LaughLab</a> experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, "If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The word "duck" may have become an <a href="/wiki/Inherently_funny_word" title="Inherently funny word">inherently funny word</a> in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks" title="List of fictional ducks">ducks in fiction</a>, many are cartoon characters, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Walt Disney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck" title="Donald Duck">Donald Duck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>' <a href="/wiki/Daffy_Duck" title="Daffy Duck">Daffy Duck</a>. <a href="/wiki/Howard_the_Duck" title="Howard the Duck">Howard the Duck</a> started as a comic book character in 1973<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and was made into a <a href="/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)" title="Howard the Duck (film)">movie</a> in 1986.
</p><p>The 1992 Disney film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film)" title="The Mighty Ducks (film)">The Mighty Ducks</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Estevez" title="Emilio Estevez">Emilio Estevez</a>, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> professional team of the <a href="/wiki/Anaheim_Ducks" title="Anaheim Ducks">Anaheim Ducks</a>, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> The duck is also the nickname of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a> sports teams as well as the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Ducks" title="Long Island Ducks">Long Island Ducks</a> minor league <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> team.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/23px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/35px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/47px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds portal</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_duck" title="Domestic duck">Domestic duck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck as food</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duck_test" title="Duck test">Duck test</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds" title="List of duck breeds">Duck breeds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_ducks" title="List of fictional ducks">Fictional ducks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_duck" title="Rubber duck">Rubber duck</a></li></ul>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling">"Duckling"</a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%2C+Fourth+Edition&amp;rft.atitle=Duckling&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fduckling&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/duckling">"Duckling"</a>. <i>Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary (Beta Version)</i>. K. Dictionaries Ltd. 2000–2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Kernerman+English+Multilingual+Dictionary+%28Beta+Version%29&amp;rft.atitle=Duckling&amp;rft.date=2000%2F2006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fduckling&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDohner2001" class="citation book cs1">Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJCTL_mC5w4C&amp;q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck&amp;pg=PA457"><i>The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300138139" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300138139"><bdi>978-0300138139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Historic+and+Endangered+Livestock+and+Poultry+Breeds&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0300138139&amp;rft.aulast=Dohner&amp;rft.aufirst=Janet+Vorwald&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJCTL_mC5w4C%26q%3Dmale%2Bduck%2Bis%2Bcalled%2Ba%2Bdrake%2Band%2Bthe%2Bfemale%2Bis%2Bcalled%2Ba%2Bduck%26pg%3DPA457&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViscaVisca2003" class="citation book cs1">Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqSquCLNrZcC&amp;q=male+duck+is+called+a+drake+and+the+female+is+called+a+duck+%28or+hen%29&amp;pg=PA16"><i>How to Draw Cartoon Birds</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823961566" title="Special:BookSources/9780823961566"><bdi>9780823961566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=How+to+Draw+Cartoon+Birds&amp;rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=9780823961566&amp;rft.aulast=Visca&amp;rft.aufirst=Curt&amp;rft.au=Visca%2C+Kelley&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqSquCLNrZcC%26q%3Dmale%2Bduck%2Bis%2Bcalled%2Ba%2Bdrake%2Band%2Bthe%2Bfemale%2Bis%2Bcalled%2Ba%2Bduck%2B%2528or%2Bhen%2529%26pg%3DPA16&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992536_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarboneras1992">Carboneras 1992</a>, p.&#160;536.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivezey1986737–738_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivezey1986">Livezey 1986</a>, pp.&#160;737–738.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988452_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988">Madsen, McHugh &amp; de Kloet 1988</a>, p.&#160;452.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002353–354_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002">Donne-Goussé, Laudet &amp; Hänni 2002</a>, pp.&#160;353–354.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992540_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarboneras1992">Carboneras 1992</a>, p.&#160;540.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001191_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElphickDunningSibley2001">Elphick, Dunning &amp; Sibley 2001</a>, p.&#160;191.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005448-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005448_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKear2005">Kear 2005</a>, p.&#160;448.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005622–623_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKear2005">Kear 2005</a>, p.&#160;622–623.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear2005686-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear2005686_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKear2005">Kear 2005</a>, p.&#160;686.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElphickDunningSibley2001193_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElphickDunningSibley2001">Elphick, Dunning &amp; Sibley 2001</a>, p.&#160;193.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992537_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarboneras1992">Carboneras 1992</a>, p.&#160;537.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists&#39;_Union1998xix-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists&#39;_Union1998xix_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Ornithologists&#39;_Union1998">American Ornithologists' Union 1998</a>, p.&#160;xix.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists&#39;_Union1998-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Ornithologists&#39;_Union1998_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Ornithologists&#39;_Union1998">American Ornithologists' Union 1998</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarboneras1992538_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarboneras1992">Carboneras 1992</a>, p.&#160;538.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristidisBoles200862_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristidisBoles2008">Christidis &amp; Boles 2008</a>, p.&#160;62.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirihai2008239,_245_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirihai2008">Shirihai 2008</a>, pp.&#160;239, 245.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrattBrunerBerrett198798–107_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrattBrunerBerrett1987">Pratt, Bruner &amp; Berrett 1987</a>, pp.&#160;98–107.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitterFitterHosking200052–3_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitterFitterHosking2000">Fitter, Fitter &amp; Hosking 2000</a>, pp.&#160;52–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiresnr.org/pacificblackduck.html">"Pacific Black Duck"</a>. <i>www.wiresnr.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.wiresnr.org&amp;rft.atitle=Pacific+Black+Duck&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiresnr.org%2Fpacificblackduck.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden" class="citation web cs1">Ogden, Evans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/biology/wildberg/species/dabbducks.html">"Dabbling Ducks"</a>. CWE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dabbling+Ducks&amp;rft.pub=CWE&amp;rft.aulast=Ogden&amp;rft.aufirst=Evans&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfu.ca%2Fbiology%2Fwildberg%2Fspecies%2Fdabbducks.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Mathiesen2015" class="citation web cs1">Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/16/dont-feed-the-ducks-bread-say-conservationists">"Don't feed the ducks bread, say conservationists"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Don%27t+feed+the+ducks+bread%2C+say+conservationists&amp;rft.date=2015-03-16&amp;rft.au=Karl+Mathiesen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2015%2Fmar%2F16%2Fdont-feed-the-ducks-bread-say-conservationists&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohwerAnderson1988" class="citation book cs1">Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Michael G. (1988). "Female-Biased Philopatry, Monogamy, and the Timing of Pair Formation in Migratory Waterfowl". <i>Current Ornithology</i>. pp.&#160;187–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-6787-5_4">10.1007/978-1-4615-6787-5_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-6789-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-6789-9"><bdi>978-1-4615-6789-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Female-Biased+Philopatry%2C+Monogamy%2C+and+the+Timing+of+Pair+Formation+in+Migratory+Waterfowl&amp;rft.btitle=Current+Ornithology&amp;rft.pages=187-221&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-6787-5_4&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4615-6789-9&amp;rft.aulast=Rohwer&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+C.&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C+Michael+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithCookeRobertsonGoudie2000" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; Robertson, Gregory J.; Goudie, R. Ian; Boyd, W. Sean (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcondor%2F102.1.201">"Long-Term Pair Bonds in Harlequin Ducks"</a>. <i>The Condor</i>. <b>102</b> (1): 201–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcondor%2F102.1.201">10.1093/condor/102.1.201</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10315%2F13797">10315/13797</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Condor&amp;rft.atitle=Long-Term+Pair+Bonds+in+Harlequin+Ducks&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=201-205&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10315%2F13797&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcondor%2F102.1.201&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Cyndi+M.&amp;rft.au=Cooke%2C+Fred&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+Gregory+J.&amp;rft.au=Goudie%2C+R.+Ian&amp;rft.au=Boyd%2C+W.+Sean&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fcondor%252F102.1.201&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923152911/http://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling">"If You Find An Orphaned Duckling - Wildlife Rehabber"</a>. <i>wildliferehabber.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wildliferehabber.com/content/if-you-find-duckling">the original</a> on 2018-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=wildliferehabber.com&amp;rft.atitle=If+You+Find+An+Orphaned+Duckling+-+Wildlife+Rehabber&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwildliferehabber.com%2Fcontent%2Fif-you-find-duckling&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarver2011" class="citation book cs1">Carver, Heather (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGofAwAAQBAJ&amp;q=mallard+sound+deep+and+raspy&amp;pg=PA39"><i>The Duck Bible</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557901562" title="Special:BookSources/9780557901562"><bdi>9780557901562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Duck+Bible&amp;rft.pub=Lulu.com&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=9780557901562&amp;rft.aulast=Carver&amp;rft.aufirst=Heather&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGofAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmallard%2Bsound%2Bdeep%2Band%2Braspy%26pg%3DPA39&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source</span></a></i>&#93;</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitlow2013" class="citation book cs1">Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJBBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Females+of+most+dabbling+ducks+make+the+classic+%22quack%22+sound+but+most+ducks+don%27t+quack&amp;pg=PA123"><i>Bird Brains: Inside the Strange Minds of Our Fine Feathered Friends</i></a>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762797707" title="Special:BookSources/9780762797707"><bdi>9780762797707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bird+Brains%3A+Inside+the+Strange+Minds+of+Our+Fine+Feathered+Friends&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft.date=2013-09-03&amp;rft.isbn=9780762797707&amp;rft.aulast=Titlow&amp;rft.aufirst=Budd&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfXJBBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DFemales%2Bof%2Bmost%2Bdabbling%2Bducks%2Bmake%2Bthe%2Bclassic%2B%2522quack%2522%2Bsound%2Bbut%2Bmost%2Bducks%2Bdon%2527t%2Bquack%26pg%3DPA123&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2003" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3086890.stm">"Sound science is quackers"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Sound+science+is+quackers&amp;rft.date=2003-09-08&amp;rft.aulast=Amos&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F3086890.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mythbustersresults.com/episode8">"Mythbusters Episode 8"</a>. 12 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mythbusters+Episode+8&amp;rft.date=2003-12-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmythbustersresults.com%2Fepisode8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlandson1994171_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErlandson1994">Erlandson 1994</a>, p.&#160;171.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries2008168,_243_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffries2008">Jeffries 2008</a>, pp.&#160;168, 243.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESued-Badillo200365_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSued-Badillo2003">Sued-Badillo 2003</a>, p.&#160;65.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe199668_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorpe1996">Thorpe 1996</a>, p.&#160;68.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisels199942_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaisels1999">Maisels 1999</a>, p.&#160;42.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERau1876133-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERau1876133_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRau1876">Rau 1876</a>, p.&#160;133.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigman201223-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigman201223_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigman2012">Higman 2012</a>, p.&#160;23.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201253-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201253_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume2012">Hume 2012</a>, p.&#160;53.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume201252-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume201252_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume2012">Hume 2012</a>, p.&#160;52.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFieldhouse2002167_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFieldhouse2002">Fieldhouse 2002</a>, p.&#160;167.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston1998" class="citation book cs1">Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NViSMffyaSgC&amp;q=%C2%A0%C2%A0In+many+areas,+wild+ducks+of+various+species+are+hunted+for+food+or+sport"><i>Guide to Edible Plants and Animals</i></a>. Wordsworth Editions, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853263774" title="Special:BookSources/9781853263774"><bdi>9781853263774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Guide+to+Edible+Plants+and+Animals&amp;rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions%2C+Limited&amp;rft.date=1998-01-01&amp;rft.isbn=9781853263774&amp;rft.aulast=Livingston&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNViSMffyaSgC%26q%3D%25C2%25A0%25C2%25A0In%2Bmany%2Bareas%2C%2Bwild%2Bducks%2Bof%2Bvarious%2Bspecies%2Bare%2Bhunted%2Bfor%2Bfood%2Bor%2Bsport&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf">"Study plan for waterfowl injury assessment: Determining PCB concentrations in Hudson river resident waterfowl"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York State Department of Environmental Conservation</i>. US Department of Commerce. December 2008. p.&#160;3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/wfp09a.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Department+of+Environmental+Conservation&amp;rft.atitle=Study+plan+for+waterfowl+injury+assessment%3A+Determining+PCB+concentrations+in+Hudson+river+resident+waterfowl&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.date=2008-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dec.ny.gov%2Fdocs%2Ffish_marine_pdf%2Fwfp09a.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL">"FAOSTAT"</a>. <i>www.fao.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&amp;rft.atitle=FAOSTAT&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQL&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digimorph.org/specimens/anas_platyrhynchos/skull/">"Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck; DigiMorph Staff - The University of Texas at Austin"</a>. Digimorph.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Anas+platyrhynchos%2C+Domestic+Duck%3B+DigiMorph+Staff+-+The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&amp;rft.pub=Digimorph.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigimorph.org%2Fspecimens%2Fanas_platyrhynchos%2Fskull%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSy_Montgomery" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sy Montgomery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-360302/mallard">"Mallard; Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Mallard%3B+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.btitle=Britannica.com&amp;rft.au=Sy+Montgomery&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Ftopic-360302%2Fmallard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenday2014" class="citation book cs1">Glenday, Craig (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135"><i>Guinness World Records</i></a>. Guinness World Records Limited. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/135">135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9"><bdi>978-1-908843-15-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records&amp;rft.pages=135&amp;rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records+Limited&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-908843-15-9&amp;rft.aulast=Glenday&amp;rft.aufirst=Craig&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7%2Fpage%2F135&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Suomen kunnallisvaakunat</i> (in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p.&#160;147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-773-085-3" title="Special:BookSources/951-773-085-3"><bdi>951-773-085-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Suomen+kunnallisvaakunat&amp;rft.pages=147&amp;rft.pub=Suomen+Kunnallisliitto&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=951-773-085-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lubana.lv/index.php/lv/homepage/lubanas-pilseta-2">"Lubānas simbolika"</a> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Lub%C4%81nas+simbolika&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lubana.lv%2Findex.php%2Flv%2Fhomepage%2Flubanas-pilseta-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.narc.fi/digi/view.ka?kuid=1738595">"Föglö"</a> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=F%C3%B6gl%C3%B6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi.narc.fi%2Fdigi%2Fview.ka%3Fkuid%3D1738595&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung" class="citation web cs1">Young, Emma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2876-worlds-funniest-joke-revealed/">"World's funniest joke revealed"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=World%27s+funniest+joke+revealed&amp;rft.aulast=Young&amp;rft.aufirst=Emma&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn2876-worlds-funniest-joke-revealed%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comics.org/character/name/Howard%20the%20Duck/sort/chrono/">"Howard the Duck (character)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database" title="Grand Comics Database">Grand Comics Database</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Grand+Comics+Database&amp;rft.atitle=Howard+the+Duck+%28character%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comics.org%2Fcharacter%2Fname%2FHoward%2520the%2520Duck%2Fsort%2Fchrono%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandersonGilbert2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sanderson" title="Peter Sanderson">Sanderson, Peter</a>; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1970s". <i>Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History</i>. London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. p.&#160;161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756641238" title="Special:BookSources/978-0756641238"><bdi>978-0756641238</bdi></a>. <q>December saw the debut of the cigar-smoking Howard the Duck. In this story by writer Steve Gerber and artist Val Mayerik, various beings from different realities had begun turning up in the Man-Thing's Florida swamp, including this bad-tempered talking duck.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=1970s&amp;rft.btitle=Marvel+Chronicle+A+Year+by+Year+History&amp;rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&amp;rft.pages=161&amp;rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0756641238&amp;rft.aulast=Sanderson&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Laura&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goducks.com/sports/2003/8/28/153778.aspx">"The Duck"</a>. <i>University of Oregon Athletics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=University+of+Oregon+Athletics&amp;rft.atitle=The+Duck&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoducks.com%2Fsports%2F2003%2F8%2F28%2F153778.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Ornithologists&#39;_Union1998" class="citation book cs1">American Ornithologists' Union (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf"><i>Checklist of North American Birds</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891276-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891276-00-2"><bdi>978-1-891276-00-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://americanornithology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/AOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Checklist+of+North+American+Birds&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&amp;rft.pub=American+Ornithologists%27+Union&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-891276-00-2&amp;rft.au=American+Ornithologists%27+Union&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanornithology.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F07%2FAOSChecklistTin-Falcon.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarboneras1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). <i>Handbook of the Birds of the World</i>. Vol.&#160;1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-10-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-10-8"><bdi>978-84-87334-10-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+the+World&amp;rft.place=Barcelona&amp;rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-87334-10-8&amp;rft.aulast=Carboneras&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristidisBoles2008" class="citation book cs1">Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E., eds. (2008). <i>Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds</i>. Collingwood, VIC: Csiro Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06511-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06511-6"><bdi>978-0-643-06511-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Systematics+and+Taxonomy+of+Australian+Birds&amp;rft.place=Collingwood%2C+VIC&amp;rft.pub=Csiro+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-643-06511-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonne-GousséLaudetHänni2002" class="citation journal cs1">Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vincent; Hänni, Catherine (July 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of Anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 339–356. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MolPE..23..339D">2002MolPE..23..339D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2802%2900019-2">10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12099792">12099792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=A+molecular+phylogeny+of+Anseriformes+based+on+mitochondrial+DNA+analysis&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=339-356&amp;rft.date=2002-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12099792&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2802%2900019-2&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002MolPE..23..339D&amp;rft.aulast=Donne-Gouss%C3%A9&amp;rft.aufirst=Carole&amp;rft.au=Laudet%2C+Vincent&amp;rft.au=H%C3%A4nni%2C+Catherine&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElphickDunningSibley2001" class="citation book cs1">Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David, eds. (2001). <i>The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour</i>. London: Christopher Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6250-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6250-4"><bdi>978-0-7136-6250-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sibley+Guide+to+Bird+Life+and+Behaviour&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7136-6250-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlandson1994" class="citation book cs1">Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nGTaBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=171"><i>Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast</i></a>. New York, NY: Springer Science &amp; Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-3231-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-3231-0"><bdi>978-1-4419-3231-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Early+Hunter-Gatherers+of+the+California+Coast&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4419-3231-0&amp;rft.aulast=Erlandson&amp;rft.aufirst=Jon+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnGTaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3D171&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldhouse2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA167"><i>Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions</i></a>. Vol.&#160;I: A–K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Food%2C+Feasts%2C+and+Faith%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Food+Culture+in+World+Religions&amp;rft.place=Santa+Barbara&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-61069-412-4&amp;rft.aulast=Fieldhouse&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-FqDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA167&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitterFitterHosking2000" class="citation book cs1">Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; Hosking, David (2000). <i>Wildlife of the Galápagos</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10295-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10295-5"><bdi>978-0-691-10295-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Wildlife+of+the+Gal%C3%A1pagos&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-10295-5&amp;rft.aulast=Fitter&amp;rft.aufirst=Julian&amp;rft.au=Fitter%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Hosking%2C+David&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigman2012" class="citation book cs1">Higman, B. W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIUoz98yMvgC&amp;pg=RA1-PA1801"><i>How Food Made History</i></a>. Chichester, UK: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8947-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8947-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-8947-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=How+Food+Made+History&amp;rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8947-7&amp;rft.aulast=Higman&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIUoz98yMvgC%26pg%3DRA1-PA1801&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume2012" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Julian H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40sxDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA53"><i>Extinct Birds</i></a>. London: Christopher Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-3744-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-3744-5"><bdi>978-1-4729-3744-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Extinct+Birds&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4729-3744-5&amp;rft.aulast=Hume&amp;rft.aufirst=Julian+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40sxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries2008" class="citation book cs1">Jeffries, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocenehunterga0000jeff/mode/2up"><i>Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Lower Ohio River Valley</i></a>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1658-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1658-7"><bdi>978-0-8173-1658-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Holocene+Hunter-Gatherers+of+the+Lower+Ohio+River+Valley&amp;rft.place=Tuscaloosa&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1658-7&amp;rft.aulast=Jeffries&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocenehunterga0000jeff%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKear2005" class="citation book cs1">Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). <i>Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species Accounts (</i>Cairina<i> to </i>Mergus<i>)</i>. Bird Families of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861009-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861009-0"><bdi>978-0-19-861009-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ducks%2C+Geese+and+Swans%3A+Species+Accounts+%28Cairina+to+Mergus%29&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.series=Bird+Families+of+the+World&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-861009-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivezey1986" class="citation journal cs1">Livezey, Bradley C. (October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf">"A phylogenetic analysis of recent Anseriform genera using morphological characters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>103</b> (4): 737–754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F103.4.737">10.1093/auk/103.4.737</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Auk&amp;rft.atitle=A+phylogenetic+analysis+of+recent+Anseriform+genera+using+morphological+characters&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=737-754&amp;rft.date=1986-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fauk%2F103.4.737&amp;rft.aulast=Livezey&amp;rft.aufirst=Bradley+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv103n04%2Fp0737-p0754.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsenMcHughde_Kloet1988" class="citation journal cs1">Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P.; de Kloet, Siwo R. (July 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf">"A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>105</b> (3): 452–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F105.3.452">10.1093/auk/105.3.452</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v105n03/p0452-p0459.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Auk&amp;rft.atitle=A+partial+classification+of+waterfowl+%28Anatidae%29+based+on+single-copy+DNA&amp;rft.volume=105&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=452-459&amp;rft.date=1988-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fauk%2F105.3.452&amp;rft.aulast=Madsen&amp;rft.aufirst=Cort+S.&amp;rft.au=McHugh%2C+Kevin+P.&amp;rft.au=de+Kloet%2C+Siwo+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv105n03%2Fp0452-p0459.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaisels1999" class="citation book cs1">Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&amp;pg=PA42"><i>Early Civilizations of the Old World</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10975-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10975-8"><bdi>978-0-415-10975-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Early+Civilizations+of+the+Old+World&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-10975-8&amp;rft.aulast=Maisels&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+Keith&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2dgI2ijww8C%26pg%3DPA42&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrattBrunerBerrett1987" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phillip L.; Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). <i>A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02399-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02399-9"><bdi>0-691-02399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+the+Birds+of+Hawaii+and+the+Tropical+Pacific&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-02399-9&amp;rft.aulast=Pratt&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Douglas&amp;rft.au=Bruner%2C+Phillip+L.&amp;rft.au=Berrett%2C+Delwyn+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRau1876" class="citation book cs1">Rau, Charles (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XBgAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=133"><i>Early Man in Europe</i></a>. New York: Harper &amp; Brothers. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/05040168">05040168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Early+Man+in+Europe&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&amp;rft.date=1876&amp;rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F05040168&amp;rft.aulast=Rau&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XBgAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3D133&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirihai2008" class="citation book cs1">Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). <i>A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife</i>. Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13666-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13666-0"><bdi>978-0-691-13666-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+Antarctic+Wildlife&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ%2C+US&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-13666-0&amp;rft.aulast=Shirihai&amp;rft.aufirst=Hadoram&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSued-Badillo2003" class="citation book cs1">Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zexcW7q-4LgC&amp;pg=PA65"><i>Autochthonous Societies</i></a>. General History of the Caribbean. Paris: UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103832-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103832-7"><bdi>978-92-3-103832-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Autochthonous+Societies&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.series=General+History+of+the+Caribbean&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-3-103832-7&amp;rft.aulast=Sued-Badillo&amp;rft.aufirst=Jalil&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzexcW7q-4LgC%26pg%3DPA65&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1996" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, I. J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YA-EAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68"><i>The Origins of Agriculture in Europe</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08009-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08009-5"><bdi>978-0-415-08009-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Agriculture+in+Europe&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-08009-5&amp;rft.aulast=Thorpe&amp;rft.aufirst=I.+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYA-EAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
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<b>Duck</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duck" class="extiw" title="wikt:duck">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae" class="extiw" title="c:Anatidae">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Birds" class="extiw" title="q:Birds">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Duck" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Duck">Recipes</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anatidae" class="extiw" title="species:Anatidae">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736439" class="extiw" title="d:Q3736439">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210555/http://seaducks.org/subjects/MIGRATION%20AND%20FLIGHT.htm">list of books</a> (useful looking abstracts)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html">Ducks on postage stamps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513022903/http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Duck.html">Archived</a> 2013-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18884">Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hines</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> - A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl</li></ul>
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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736439#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736439#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85039879">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119761481">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119761481">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564819">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000090751&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007565486205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027796124">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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