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refactor: add the contentlayer to html-backend (#1040)

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* added the contentlayer to html-backend

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* updated the handle_image function

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* reformatted code of html backend

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>

* test(html): add more info if a test case fails

Signed-off-by: Cesar Berrospi Ramis <75900930+ceberam@users.noreply.github.com>

* refactor(html): put parsed item in body if doc has no header

In case an HTML does not have any header tag, all parsed items are placed in
DoclingDocument's body content layer.
HTML paragraphs ('p' tags) are parsed as text items with paragraph label.
Update test ground truth accoring to the changes above.

Signed-off-by: Cesar Berrospi Ramis <75900930+ceberam@users.noreply.github.com>

* chore: set TextItem label to 'text' instead of 'paragraph'

Signed-off-by: Cesar Berrospi Ramis <75900930+ceberam@users.noreply.github.com>

---------

Signed-off-by: Peter Staar <taa@zurich.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Cesar Berrospi Ramis <75900930+ceberam@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Cesar Berrospi Ramis <75900930+ceberam@users.noreply.github.com>
This commit is contained in:
Peter W. J. Staar 2025-03-02 10:37:53 -05:00 committed by GitHub
parent db3ceefd4a
commit e25d557c06
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GPG Key ID: B5690EEEBB952194
13 changed files with 623 additions and 709 deletions
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76
docling/backend/html_backend.py
View File

@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ from docling_core.types.doc import (
TableCell,
TableData,
)
from docling_core.types.doc.document import ContentLayer
from typing_extensions import override
from docling.backend.abstract_backend import DeclarativeDocumentBackend
@ -66,7 +67,8 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
self.soup = BeautifulSoup(html_content, "html.parser")
except Exception as e:
raise RuntimeError(
f"Could not initialize HTML backend for file with hash {self.document_hash}."
"Could not initialize HTML backend for file with "
f"hash {self.document_hash}."
) from e
@override
@ -109,14 +111,21 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
# TODO: remove style to avoid losing text from tags like i, b, span, ...
for br in content("br"):
br.replace_with(NavigableString("\n"))
headers = content.find(["h1", "h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6"])
self.content_layer = (
ContentLayer.BODY if headers is None else ContentLayer.FURNITURE
)
self.walk(content, doc)
else:
raise RuntimeError(
f"Cannot convert doc with {self.document_hash} because the backend failed to init."
f"Cannot convert doc with {self.document_hash} because the backend "
"failed to init."
)
return doc
def walk(self, tag: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
# Iterate over elements in the body of the document
text: str = ""
for element in tag.children:
@ -143,8 +152,9 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
if text and tag.name in ["div"]:
doc.add_text(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
label=DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH,
label=DocItemLabel.TEXT,
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
text = ""
@ -166,7 +176,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
elif tag.name == "figure":
self.handle_figure(tag, doc)
elif tag.name == "img":
self.handle_image(doc)
self.handle_image(tag, doc)
else:
self.walk(tag, doc)
@ -197,12 +207,17 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
text = element.text.strip()
if hlevel == 1:
self.content_layer = ContentLayer.BODY
for key in self.parents.keys():
self.parents[key] = None
self.level = 1
self.parents[self.level] = doc.add_text(
parent=self.parents[0], label=DocItemLabel.TITLE, text=text
parent=self.parents[0],
label=DocItemLabel.TITLE,
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
else:
if hlevel > self.level:
@ -213,6 +228,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
name=f"header-{i}",
label=GroupLabel.SECTION,
parent=self.parents[i - 1],
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
self.level = hlevel
@ -228,6 +244,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
parent=self.parents[hlevel - 1],
text=text,
level=hlevel,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
def handle_code(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
@ -236,16 +253,24 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
return
text = element.text.strip()
if text:
doc.add_code(parent=self.parents[self.level], text=text)
doc.add_code(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
def handle_paragraph(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles paragraph tags (p)."""
if element.text is None:
return
text = element.text.strip()
label = DocItemLabel.PARAGRAPH
if text:
doc.add_text(parent=self.parents[self.level], label=label, text=text)
doc.add_text(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
label=DocItemLabel.TEXT,
text=text,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
def handle_list(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles list tags (ul, ol) and their list items."""
@ -253,7 +278,10 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
if element.name == "ul":
# create a list group
self.parents[self.level + 1] = doc.add_group(
parent=self.parents[self.level], name="list", label=GroupLabel.LIST
parent=self.parents[self.level],
name="list",
label=GroupLabel.LIST,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
elif element.name == "ol":
start_attr = element.get("start")
@ -267,6 +295,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
parent=self.parents[self.level],
name="ordered list" + (f" start {start}" if start != 1 else ""),
label=GroupLabel.ORDERED_LIST,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
self.level += 1
@ -315,6 +344,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
enumerated=enumerated,
marker=marker,
parent=parent,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
self.level += 1
@ -336,6 +366,7 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
enumerated=enumerated,
marker=marker,
parent=parent,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
else:
_log.debug(f"list-item has no text: {element}")
@ -439,7 +470,11 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
table_data = HTMLDocumentBackend.parse_table_data(element)
if table_data is not None:
doc.add_table(data=table_data, parent=self.parents[self.level])
doc.add_table(
data=table_data,
parent=self.parents[self.level],
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
def get_list_text(self, list_element: Tag, level: int = 0) -> list[str]:
"""Recursively extract text from <ul> or <ol> with proper indentation."""
@ -479,20 +514,33 @@ class HTMLDocumentBackend(DeclarativeDocumentBackend):
contains_captions = element.find(["figcaption"])
if not isinstance(contains_captions, Tag):
doc.add_picture(parent=self.parents[self.level], caption=None)
doc.add_picture(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
caption=None,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
else:
texts = []
for item in contains_captions:
texts.append(item.text)
fig_caption = doc.add_text(
label=DocItemLabel.CAPTION, text=("".join(texts)).strip()
label=DocItemLabel.CAPTION,
text=("".join(texts)).strip(),
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
doc.add_picture(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
caption=fig_caption,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)
def handle_image(self, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
def handle_image(self, element: Tag, doc: DoclingDocument) -> None:
"""Handles image tags (img)."""
doc.add_picture(parent=self.parents[self.level], caption=None)
_log.debug(f"ignoring <img> tags at the moment: {element}")
doc.add_picture(
parent=self.parents[self.level],
caption=None,
content_layer=self.content_layer,
)

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_01.html.itxt
View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Introduction
item-2 at level 2: paragraph: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-2 at level 2: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-3 at level 2: section_header: Background
item-4 at level 3: paragraph: Some background information here.
item-4 at level 3: text: Some background information here.
item-5 at level 3: picture
item-6 at level 3: list: group list
item-7 at level 4: list_item: First item in unordered list

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_01.html.json
View File

@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction.",
"text": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction."
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Some background information here.",
"text": "Some background information here."

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_02.html.itxt
View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Introduction
item-2 at level 2: paragraph: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-2 at level 2: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-3 at level 2: section_header: Background
item-4 at level 3: paragraph: Some background information here.
item-4 at level 3: text: Some background information here.
item-5 at level 3: list: group list
item-6 at level 4: list_item: First item in unordered list
item-7 at level 4: list_item: Second item in unordered list

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_02.html.json
View File

@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction.",
"text": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction."
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Some background information here.",
"text": "Some background information here."

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_03.html.itxt
View File

@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: title: Example Document
item-2 at level 2: section_header: Introduction
item-3 at level 3: paragraph: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-3 at level 3: text: This is the first paragraph of the introduction.
item-4 at level 2: section_header: Background
item-5 at level 3: paragraph: Some background information here.
item-5 at level 3: text: Some background information here.
item-6 at level 3: list: group list
item-7 at level 4: list_item: First item in unordered list
item-8 at level 5: list: group list

4
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_03.html.json
View File

@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction.",
"text": "This is the first paragraph of the introduction."
@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Some background information here.",
"text": "Some background information here."

10
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_06.html.itxt
View File

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: paragraph: This is a div with text.
item-2 at level 1: paragraph: This is another div with text.
item-3 at level 1: paragraph: This is a regular paragraph.
item-4 at level 1: paragraph: This is a third div
item-1 at level 1: text: This is a div with text.
item-2 at level 1: text: This is another div with text.
item-3 at level 1: text: This is a regular paragraph.
item-4 at level 1: text: This is a third div
with a new line.
item-5 at level 1: paragraph: This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph.
item-5 at level 1: text: This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph.

10
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/example_06.html.json
View File

@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is a div with text.",
"text": "This is a div with text."
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is another div with text.",
"text": "This is another div with text."
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is a regular paragraph.",
"text": "This is a regular paragraph."
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is a third div\nwith a new line.",
"text": "This is a third div\nwith a new line."
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph.",
"text": "This is a fourth div with a bold paragraph."

905
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.itxt
View File

@ -1,491 +1,416 @@
item-0 at level 0: unspecified: group _root_
item-1 at level 1: paragraph: Main menu
item-2 at level 1: paragraph: Navigation
item-3 at level 1: list: group list
item-4 at level 2: list_item: Main page
item-5 at level 2: list_item: Contents
item-6 at level 2: list_item: Current events
item-7 at level 2: list_item: Random article
item-8 at level 2: list_item: About Wikipedia
item-9 at level 2: list_item: Contact us
item-10 at level 1: paragraph: Contribute
item-11 at level 1: list: group list
item-12 at level 2: list_item: Help
item-13 at level 2: list_item: Learn to edit
item-14 at level 2: list_item: Community portal
item-15 at level 2: list_item: Recent changes
item-16 at level 2: list_item: Upload file
item-17 at level 1: picture
item-18 at level 1: picture
item-19 at level 1: picture
item-20 at level 1: list: group list
item-21 at level 1: list: group list
item-22 at level 2: list_item: Donate
item-23 at level 1: list: group list
item-24 at level 1: list: group list
item-25 at level 2: list_item: Create account
item-26 at level 2: list_item: Log in
item-27 at level 1: list: group list
item-28 at level 2: list_item: Create account
item-29 at level 2: list_item: Log in
item-30 at level 1: paragraph: Pages for logged out editors
item-31 at level 1: list: group list
item-32 at level 2: list_item: Contributions
item-33 at level 2: list_item: Talk
item-34 at level 1: section: group header-1
item-35 at level 2: section_header: Contents
item-36 at level 3: list: group list
item-37 at level 4: list_item: (Top)
item-38 at level 4: list_item: 1 Etymology
item-39 at level 5: list: group list
item-40 at level 4: list_item: 2 Taxonomy
item-41 at level 5: list: group list
item-42 at level 4: list_item: 3 Morphology
item-43 at level 5: list: group list
item-44 at level 4: list_item: 4 Distribution and habitat
item-45 at level 5: list: group list
item-46 at level 4: list_item: 5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection
item-47 at level 5: list: group list
item-48 at level 6: list_item: 5.1 Feeding
item-49 at level 7: list: group list
item-50 at level 6: list_item: 5.2 Breeding
item-51 at level 7: list: group list
item-52 at level 6: list_item: 5.3 Communication
item-53 at level 7: list: group list
item-54 at level 6: list_item: 5.4 Predators
item-55 at level 7: list: group list
item-56 at level 4: list_item: 6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection
item-57 at level 5: list: group list
item-58 at level 6: list_item: 6.1 Hunting
item-59 at level 7: list: group list
item-60 at level 6: list_item: 6.2 Domestication
item-61 at level 7: list: group list
item-62 at level 6: list_item: 6.3 Heraldry
item-63 at level 7: list: group list
item-64 at level 6: list_item: 6.4 Cultural references
item-65 at level 7: list: group list
item-66 at level 4: list_item: 7 See also
item-67 at level 5: list: group list
item-68 at level 4: list_item: 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection
item-69 at level 5: list: group list
item-70 at level 6: list_item: 8.1 Citations
item-71 at level 7: list: group list
item-72 at level 6: list_item: 8.2 Sources
item-73 at level 7: list: group list
item-74 at level 4: list_item: 9 External links
item-75 at level 5: list: group list
item-76 at level 1: title: Duck
item-77 at level 2: list: group list
item-78 at level 3: list_item: Acèh
item-79 at level 3: list_item: Afrikaans
item-80 at level 3: list_item: Alemannisch
item-81 at level 3: list_item: አማርኛ
item-82 at level 3: list_item: Ænglisc
item-83 at level 3: list_item: العربية
item-84 at level 3: list_item: Aragonés
item-85 at level 3: list_item: ܐܪܡܝܐ
item-86 at level 3: list_item: Armãneashti
item-87 at level 3: list_item: Asturianu
item-88 at level 3: list_item: Atikamekw
item-89 at level 3: list_item: Авар
item-90 at level 3: list_item: Aymar aru
item-91 at level 3: list_item: تۆرکجه
item-92 at level 3: list_item: Basa Bali
item-93 at level 3: list_item: বাংলা
item-94 at level 3: list_item: 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú
item-95 at level 3: list_item: Беларуская
item-96 at level 3: list_item: Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
item-97 at level 3: list_item: Bikol Central
item-98 at level 3: list_item: Български
item-99 at level 3: list_item: Brezhoneg
item-100 at level 3: list_item: Буряад
item-101 at level 3: list_item: Català
item-102 at level 3: list_item: Чӑвашла
item-103 at level 3: list_item: Čeština
item-104 at level 3: list_item: ChiShona
item-105 at level 3: list_item: Cymraeg
item-106 at level 3: list_item: Dagbanli
item-107 at level 3: list_item: Dansk
item-108 at level 3: list_item: Deitsch
item-109 at level 3: list_item: Deutsch
item-110 at level 3: list_item: डोटेली
item-111 at level 3: list_item: Ελληνικά
item-112 at level 3: list_item: Emiliàn e rumagnòl
item-113 at level 3: list_item: Español
item-114 at level 3: list_item: Esperanto
item-115 at level 3: list_item: Euskara
item-116 at level 3: list_item: فارسی
item-117 at level 3: list_item: Français
item-118 at level 3: list_item: Gaeilge
item-119 at level 3: list_item: Galego
item-120 at level 3: list_item: ГӀалгӀай
item-121 at level 3: list_item: 贛語
item-122 at level 3: list_item: گیلکی
item-123 at level 3: list_item: 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
item-124 at level 3: list_item: गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
item-125 at level 3: list_item: 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî
item-126 at level 3: list_item: 한국어
item-127 at level 3: list_item: Hausa
item-128 at level 3: list_item: Հայերեն
item-129 at level 3: list_item: हिन्दी
item-130 at level 3: list_item: Hrvatski
item-131 at level 3: list_item: Ido
item-132 at level 3: list_item: Bahasa Indonesia
item-133 at level 3: list_item: Iñupiatun
item-134 at level 3: list_item: Íslenska
item-135 at level 3: list_item: Italiano
item-136 at level 3: list_item: עברית
item-137 at level 3: list_item: Jawa
item-138 at level 3: list_item: ಕನ್ನಡ
item-139 at level 3: list_item: Kapampangan
item-140 at level 3: list_item: ქართული
item-141 at level 3: list_item: कॉशुर / کٲشُر
item-142 at level 3: list_item: Қазақша
item-143 at level 3: list_item: Ikirundi
item-144 at level 3: list_item: Kongo
item-145 at level 3: list_item: Kreyòl ayisyen
item-146 at level 3: list_item: Кырык мары
item-147 at level 3: list_item: ລາວ
item-148 at level 3: list_item: Latina
item-149 at level 3: list_item: Latviešu
item-150 at level 3: list_item: Lietuvių
item-151 at level 3: list_item: Li Niha
item-152 at level 3: list_item: Ligure
item-153 at level 3: list_item: Limburgs
item-154 at level 3: list_item: Lingála
item-155 at level 3: list_item: Malagasy
item-156 at level 3: list_item: മലയാളം
item-157 at level 3: list_item: मराठी
item-158 at level 3: list_item: مازِرونی
item-159 at level 3: list_item: Bahasa Melayu
item-160 at level 3: list_item: ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ
item-161 at level 3: list_item: 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
item-162 at level 3: list_item: Мокшень
item-163 at level 3: list_item: Монгол
item-164 at level 3: list_item: မြန်မာဘာသာ
item-165 at level 3: list_item: Nederlands
item-166 at level 3: list_item: Nedersaksies
item-167 at level 3: list_item: नेपाली
item-168 at level 3: list_item: नेपाल भाषा
item-169 at level 3: list_item: 日本語
item-170 at level 3: list_item: Нохчийн
item-171 at level 3: list_item: Norsk nynorsk
item-172 at level 3: list_item: Occitan
item-173 at level 3: list_item: Oromoo
item-174 at level 3: list_item: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
item-175 at level 3: list_item: Picard
item-176 at level 3: list_item: Plattdüütsch
item-177 at level 3: list_item: Polski
item-178 at level 3: list_item: Português
item-179 at level 3: list_item: Qırımtatarca
item-180 at level 3: list_item: Română
item-181 at level 3: list_item: Русский
item-182 at level 3: list_item: Саха тыла
item-183 at level 3: list_item: ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
item-184 at level 3: list_item: Sardu
item-185 at level 3: list_item: Scots
item-186 at level 3: list_item: Seeltersk
item-187 at level 3: list_item: Shqip
item-188 at level 3: list_item: Sicilianu
item-189 at level 3: list_item: සිංහල
item-190 at level 3: list_item: Simple English
item-191 at level 3: list_item: سنڌي
item-192 at level 3: list_item: کوردی
item-193 at level 3: list_item: Српски / srpski
item-194 at level 3: list_item: Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
item-195 at level 3: list_item: Sunda
item-196 at level 3: list_item: Svenska
item-197 at level 3: list_item: Tagalog
item-198 at level 3: list_item: தமிழ்
item-199 at level 3: list_item: Taqbaylit
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item-201 at level 3: list_item: ไทย
item-202 at level 3: list_item: Türkçe
item-203 at level 3: list_item: Українська
item-204 at level 3: list_item: ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
item-205 at level 3: list_item: Vahcuengh
item-206 at level 3: list_item: Tiếng Việt
item-207 at level 3: list_item: Walon
item-208 at level 3: list_item: 文言
item-209 at level 3: list_item: Winaray
item-210 at level 3: list_item: 吴语
item-211 at level 3: list_item: 粵語
item-212 at level 3: list_item: Žemaitėška
item-213 at level 3: list_item: 中文
item-214 at level 2: list: group list
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item-216 at level 3: list_item: Talk
item-217 at level 2: list: group list
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item-219 at level 3: list_item: Read
item-220 at level 3: list_item: View source
item-221 at level 3: list_item: View history
item-222 at level 2: paragraph: Tools
item-223 at level 2: paragraph: Actions
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item-227 at level 3: list_item: View history
item-228 at level 2: paragraph: General
item-229 at level 2: list: group list
item-230 at level 3: list_item: What links here
item-231 at level 3: list_item: Related changes
item-232 at level 3: list_item: Upload file
item-233 at level 3: list_item: Special pages
item-234 at level 3: list_item: Permanent link
item-235 at level 3: list_item: Page information
item-236 at level 3: list_item: Cite this page
item-237 at level 3: list_item: Get shortened URL
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item-239 at level 3: list_item: Wikidata item
item-240 at level 2: paragraph: Print/export
item-241 at level 2: list: group list
item-242 at level 3: list_item: Download as PDF
item-243 at level 3: list_item: Printable version
item-244 at level 2: paragraph: In other projects
item-245 at level 2: list: group list
item-246 at level 3: list_item: Wikimedia Commons
item-247 at level 3: list_item: Wikiquote
item-248 at level 2: paragraph: Appearance
item-249 at level 2: picture
item-250 at level 2: paragraph: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
item-251 at level 2: paragraph: Common name for many species of bird
item-252 at level 2: paragraph: This article is about the bird. ... as a food, see . For other uses, see .
item-253 at level 2: paragraph: "Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see .
item-254 at level 2: table with [13x2]
item-255 at level 2: paragraph: Duck is the common name for nume ... und in both fresh water and sea water.
item-256 at level 2: paragraph: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
item-257 at level 2: section_header: Etymology
item-258 at level 3: paragraph: The word duck comes from Old Eng ... h duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.
item-259 at level 3: picture
item-259 at level 4: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-260 at level 3: paragraph: This word replaced Old English e ... nskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.
item-261 at level 3: paragraph: A duckling is a young duck in do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
item-262 at level 3: paragraph: A male is called a drake and the ... a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]
item-263 at level 3: picture
item-263 at level 4: caption: Male mallard.
item-264 at level 3: picture
item-264 at level 4: caption: Wood ducks.
item-265 at level 2: section_header: Taxonomy
item-266 at level 3: paragraph: All ducks belong to the biologic ... ationships between various species.[9]
item-267 at level 3: picture
item-267 at level 4: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-268 at level 3: paragraph: In most modern classifications, ... all size and stiff, upright tails.[14]
item-269 at level 3: paragraph: A number of other species called ... shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]
item-270 at level 2: section_header: Morphology
item-271 at level 3: picture
item-271 at level 4: caption: Male Mandarin duck
item-272 at level 3: paragraph: The overall body plan of ducks i ... is moult typically precedes migration.
item-273 at level 3: paragraph: The drakes of northern species o ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
item-274 at level 2: section_header: Distribution and habitat
item-275 at level 3: picture
item-275 at level 4: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-276 at level 3: paragraph: Ducks have a cosmopolitan distri ... endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]
item-277 at level 3: picture
item-277 at level 4: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-278 at level 3: paragraph: Some duck species, mainly those ... t form after localised heavy rain.[23]
item-279 at level 2: section_header: Behaviour
item-280 at level 3: section_header: Feeding
item-281 at level 4: picture
item-281 at level 5: caption: Pecten along the bill
item-282 at level 4: picture
item-282 at level 5: caption: Mallard duckling preening
item-283 at level 4: paragraph: Ducks eat food sources such as g ... amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.
item-284 at level 4: paragraph: Dabbling ducks feed on the surfa ... thers and to hold slippery food items.
item-285 at level 4: paragraph: Diving ducks and sea ducks forag ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly.
item-286 at level 4: paragraph: A few specialized species such a ... apted to catch and swallow large fish.
item-287 at level 4: paragraph: The others have the characterist ... e nostrils come out through hard horn.
item-288 at level 4: paragraph: The Guardian published an articl ... the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]
item-289 at level 3: section_header: Breeding
item-290 at level 4: picture
item-290 at level 5: caption: A Muscovy duckling
item-291 at level 4: paragraph: Ducks generally only have one pa ... st and led her ducklings to water.[28]
item-292 at level 3: section_header: Communication
item-293 at level 4: paragraph: Female mallard ducks (as well as ... laying calls or quieter contact calls.
item-294 at level 4: paragraph: A common urban legend claims tha ... annel television show MythBusters.[32]
item-295 at level 3: section_header: Predators
item-296 at level 4: picture
item-296 at level 5: caption: Ringed teal
item-297 at level 4: paragraph: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... or large birds, such as hawks or owls.
item-298 at level 4: paragraph: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... its speed and strength to catch ducks.
item-299 at level 2: section_header: Relationship with humans
item-300 at level 3: section_header: Hunting
item-301 at level 4: paragraph: Humans have hunted ducks since p ... evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]
item-302 at level 4: paragraph: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... inated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]
item-303 at level 3: section_header: Domestication
item-304 at level 4: picture
item-304 at level 5: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-305 at level 4: paragraph: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]
item-306 at level 3: section_header: Heraldry
item-307 at level 4: picture
item-307 at level 5: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
item-308 at level 4: paragraph: Ducks appear on several coats of ... the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]
item-309 at level 3: section_header: Cultural references
item-310 at level 4: paragraph: In 2002, psychologist Richard Wi ... 54] and was made into a movie in 1986.
item-311 at level 4: paragraph: The 1992 Disney film The Mighty ... Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]
item-312 at level 2: section_header: See also
item-313 at level 3: list: group list
item-314 at level 4: list_item: Birds portal
item-315 at level 3: list: group list
item-316 at level 4: list_item: Domestic duck
item-317 at level 4: list_item: Duck as food
item-318 at level 4: list_item: Duck test
item-319 at level 4: list_item: Duck breeds
item-320 at level 4: list_item: Fictional ducks
item-321 at level 4: list_item: Rubber duck
item-322 at level 2: section_header: Notes
item-323 at level 3: section_header: Citations
item-324 at level 4: ordered_list: group ordered list
item-325 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". The American Herit ... n Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
item-326 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". Kernerman English ... Ltd. 2000–2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
item-327 at level 5: list_item: ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). ... University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139.
item-328 at level 5: list_item: ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (20 ... Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566.
item-329 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536.
item-330 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737–738.
item-331 at level 5: list_item: ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988, p. 452.
item-332 at level 5: list_item: ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353–354.
item-333 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540.
item-334 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 191.
item-335 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 448.
item-336 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 622–623.
item-337 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 686.
item-338 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193.
item-339 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537.
item-340 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix.
item-341 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998.
item-342 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538.
item-343 at level 5: list_item: ^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62.
item-344 at level 5: list_item: ^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245.
item-345 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98–107.
item-346 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52–3.
item-347 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Pacific Black Duck". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
item-348 at level 5: list_item: ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
item-349 at level 5: list_item: ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015) ... Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
item-350 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Mi ... 4615-6787-5_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9.
item-351 at level 5: list_item: ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; ... 093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797.
item-352 at level 5: list_item: ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckl ... l on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
item-353 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Du ...  9780557901562.[self-published source]
item-354 at level 5: list_item: ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bir ... man & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707.
item-355 at level 5: list_item: ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). " ... kers". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
item-356 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8". 12 December 2003.
item-357 at level 5: list_item: ^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171.
item-358 at level 5: list_item: ^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243.
item-359 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65.
item-360 at level 5: list_item: ^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68.
item-361 at level 5: list_item: ^ Maisels 1999, p. 42.
item-362 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rau 1876, p. 133.
item-363 at level 5: list_item: ^ Higman 2012, p. 23.
item-364 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 53.
item-365 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 52.
item-366 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167.
item-367 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01) ... Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774.
item-368 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Study plan for waterfowl inju ... on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
item-369 at level 5: list_item: ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
item-370 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic ... . Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
item-371 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyc ... Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
item-372 at level 5: list_item: ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinnes ... ited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
item-373 at level 5: list_item: ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in F ... tto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3.
item-374 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
item-375 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
item-376 at level 5: list_item: ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest ... w Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
item-377 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Howard the Duck (character)". Grand Comics Database.
item-378 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Lau ... luding this bad-tempered talking duck.
item-379 at level 5: list_item: ^ "The Duck". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
item-380 at level 3: section_header: Sources
item-381 at level 4: list: group list
item-382 at level 5: list_item: American Ornithologists' Union ( ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-383 at level 5: list_item: Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del H ... Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.
item-384 at level 5: list_item: Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E ... ro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
item-385 at level 5: list_item: Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vi ... /S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792.
item-386 at level 5: list_item: Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4.
item-387 at level 5: list_item: Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early ... usiness Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0.
item-388 at level 5: list_item: Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, F ... ara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
item-389 at level 5: list_item: Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5.
item-390 at level 5: list_item: Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food M ... Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7.
item-391 at level 5: list_item: Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5.
item-392 at level 5: list_item: Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holoce ... Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7.
item-393 at level 5: list_item: Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0.
item-394 at level 5: list_item: Livezey, Bradley C. (October 198 ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-395 at level 5: list_item: Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-396 at level 5: list_item: Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). E ... on: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8.
item-397 at level 5: list_item: Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phill ... University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9.
item-398 at level 5: list_item: Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man i ... ork: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168.
item-399 at level 5: list_item: Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Comp ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0.
item-400 at level 5: list_item: Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Auto ... Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7.
item-401 at level 5: list_item: Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origin ... rk: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5.
item-402 at level 2: section_header: External links
item-403 at level 3: list: group list
item-404 at level 4: list_item: Definitions from Wiktionary
item-405 at level 4: list_item: Media from Commons
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item-407 at level 4: list_item: Recipes from Wikibooks
item-408 at level 4: list_item: Taxa from Wikispecies
item-409 at level 4: list_item: Data from Wikidata
item-410 at level 3: list: group list
item-411 at level 4: list_item: list of books (useful looking abstracts)
item-412 at level 4: list_item: Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
item-413 at level 4: list_item: Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hine ... uide to identification of US waterfowl
item-414 at level 3: table with [3x2]
item-415 at level 3: picture
item-416 at level 3: paragraph: Retrieved from ""
item-417 at level 3: paragraph: :
item-418 at level 3: list: group list
item-419 at level 4: list_item: Ducks
item-420 at level 4: list_item: Game birds
item-421 at level 4: list_item: Bird common names
item-422 at level 3: paragraph: Hidden categories:
item-423 at level 3: list: group list
item-424 at level 4: list_item: All accuracy disputes
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item-429 at level 4: list_item: Articles with short description
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item-451 at level 4: list_item: This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC).
item-452 at level 4: list_item: Text is available under the Crea ... tion, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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item-463 at level 3: list: group list
item-464 at level 3: list: group list
item-465 at level 1: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-466 at level 1: caption: Male mallard.
item-467 at level 1: caption: Wood ducks.
item-468 at level 1: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-469 at level 1: caption: Male Mandarin duck
item-470 at level 1: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-471 at level 1: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-472 at level 1: caption: Pecten along the bill
item-473 at level 1: caption: Mallard duckling preening
item-474 at level 1: caption: A Muscovy duckling
item-475 at level 1: caption: Ringed teal
item-476 at level 1: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-477 at level 1: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
item-1 at level 1: title: Duck
item-2 at level 2: list: group list
item-3 at level 3: list_item: Acèh
item-4 at level 3: list_item: Afrikaans
item-5 at level 3: list_item: Alemannisch
item-6 at level 3: list_item: አማርኛ
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item-8 at level 3: list_item: العربية
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item-10 at level 3: list_item: ܐܪܡܝܐ
item-11 at level 3: list_item: Armãneashti
item-12 at level 3: list_item: Asturianu
item-13 at level 3: list_item: Atikamekw
item-14 at level 3: list_item: Авар
item-15 at level 3: list_item: Aymar aru
item-16 at level 3: list_item: تۆرکجه
item-17 at level 3: list_item: Basa Bali
item-18 at level 3: list_item: বাংলা
item-19 at level 3: list_item: 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú
item-20 at level 3: list_item: Беларуская
item-21 at level 3: list_item: Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
item-22 at level 3: list_item: Bikol Central
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item-75 at level 3: list_item: Lietuvių
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item-77 at level 3: list_item: Ligure
item-78 at level 3: list_item: Limburgs
item-79 at level 3: list_item: Lingála
item-80 at level 3: list_item: Malagasy
item-81 at level 3: list_item: മലയാളം
item-82 at level 3: list_item: मराठी
item-83 at level 3: list_item: مازِرونی
item-84 at level 3: list_item: Bahasa Melayu
item-85 at level 3: list_item: ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ
item-86 at level 3: list_item: 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
item-87 at level 3: list_item: Мокшень
item-88 at level 3: list_item: Монгол
item-89 at level 3: list_item: မြန်မာဘာသာ
item-90 at level 3: list_item: Nederlands
item-91 at level 3: list_item: Nedersaksies
item-92 at level 3: list_item: नेपाली
item-93 at level 3: list_item: नेपाल भाषा
item-94 at level 3: list_item: 日本語
item-95 at level 3: list_item: Нохчийн
item-96 at level 3: list_item: Norsk nynorsk
item-97 at level 3: list_item: Occitan
item-98 at level 3: list_item: Oromoo
item-99 at level 3: list_item: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
item-100 at level 3: list_item: Picard
item-101 at level 3: list_item: Plattdüütsch
item-102 at level 3: list_item: Polski
item-103 at level 3: list_item: Português
item-104 at level 3: list_item: Qırımtatarca
item-105 at level 3: list_item: Română
item-106 at level 3: list_item: Русский
item-107 at level 3: list_item: Саха тыла
item-108 at level 3: list_item: ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
item-109 at level 3: list_item: Sardu
item-110 at level 3: list_item: Scots
item-111 at level 3: list_item: Seeltersk
item-112 at level 3: list_item: Shqip
item-113 at level 3: list_item: Sicilianu
item-114 at level 3: list_item: සිංහල
item-115 at level 3: list_item: Simple English
item-116 at level 3: list_item: سنڌي
item-117 at level 3: list_item: کوردی
item-118 at level 3: list_item: Српски / srpski
item-119 at level 3: list_item: Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
item-120 at level 3: list_item: Sunda
item-121 at level 3: list_item: Svenska
item-122 at level 3: list_item: Tagalog
item-123 at level 3: list_item: தமிழ்
item-124 at level 3: list_item: Taqbaylit
item-125 at level 3: list_item: Татарча / tatarça
item-126 at level 3: list_item: ไทย
item-127 at level 3: list_item: Türkçe
item-128 at level 3: list_item: Українська
item-129 at level 3: list_item: ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
item-130 at level 3: list_item: Vahcuengh
item-131 at level 3: list_item: Tiếng Việt
item-132 at level 3: list_item: Walon
item-133 at level 3: list_item: 文言
item-134 at level 3: list_item: Winaray
item-135 at level 3: list_item: 吴语
item-136 at level 3: list_item: 粵語
item-137 at level 3: list_item: Žemaitėška
item-138 at level 3: list_item: 中文
item-139 at level 2: list: group list
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item-141 at level 3: list_item: Talk
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item-146 at level 3: list_item: View history
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item-152 at level 3: list_item: View history
item-153 at level 2: text: General
item-154 at level 2: list: group list
item-155 at level 3: list_item: What links here
item-156 at level 3: list_item: Related changes
item-157 at level 3: list_item: Upload file
item-158 at level 3: list_item: Special pages
item-159 at level 3: list_item: Permanent link
item-160 at level 3: list_item: Page information
item-161 at level 3: list_item: Cite this page
item-162 at level 3: list_item: Get shortened URL
item-163 at level 3: list_item: Download QR code
item-164 at level 3: list_item: Wikidata item
item-165 at level 2: text: Print/export
item-166 at level 2: list: group list
item-167 at level 3: list_item: Download as PDF
item-168 at level 3: list_item: Printable version
item-169 at level 2: text: In other projects
item-170 at level 2: list: group list
item-171 at level 3: list_item: Wikimedia Commons
item-172 at level 3: list_item: Wikiquote
item-173 at level 2: text: Appearance
item-174 at level 2: picture
item-175 at level 2: text: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
item-176 at level 2: text: Common name for many species of bird
item-177 at level 2: text: This article is about the bird. ... as a food, see . For other uses, see .
item-178 at level 2: text: "Duckling" redirects here. For other uses, see .
item-179 at level 2: table with [13x2]
item-180 at level 2: text: Duck is the common name for nume ... und in both fresh water and sea water.
item-181 at level 2: text: Ducks are sometimes confused wit ... divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
item-182 at level 2: section_header: Etymology
item-183 at level 3: text: The word duck comes from Old Eng ... h duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.
item-184 at level 3: picture
item-184 at level 4: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-185 at level 3: text: This word replaced Old English e ... nskrit ātí 'water bird', among others.
item-186 at level 3: text: A duckling is a young duck in do ... , is sometimes labelled as a duckling.
item-187 at level 3: text: A male is called a drake and the ... a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]
item-188 at level 3: picture
item-188 at level 4: caption: Male mallard.
item-189 at level 3: picture
item-189 at level 4: caption: Wood ducks.
item-190 at level 2: section_header: Taxonomy
item-191 at level 3: text: All ducks belong to the biologic ... ationships between various species.[9]
item-192 at level 3: picture
item-192 at level 4: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-193 at level 3: text: In most modern classifications, ... all size and stiff, upright tails.[14]
item-194 at level 3: text: A number of other species called ... shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]
item-195 at level 2: section_header: Morphology
item-196 at level 3: picture
item-196 at level 4: caption: Male Mandarin duck
item-197 at level 3: text: The overall body plan of ducks i ... is moult typically precedes migration.
item-198 at level 3: text: The drakes of northern species o ... rkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.
item-199 at level 2: section_header: Distribution and habitat
item-200 at level 3: picture
item-200 at level 4: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-201 at level 3: text: Ducks have a cosmopolitan distri ... endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]
item-202 at level 3: picture
item-202 at level 4: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-203 at level 3: text: Some duck species, mainly those ... t form after localised heavy rain.[23]
item-204 at level 2: section_header: Behaviour
item-205 at level 3: section_header: Feeding
item-206 at level 4: picture
item-206 at level 5: caption: Pecten along the bill
item-207 at level 4: picture
item-207 at level 5: caption: Mallard duckling preening
item-208 at level 4: text: Ducks eat food sources such as g ... amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.
item-209 at level 4: text: Dabbling ducks feed on the surfa ... thers and to hold slippery food items.
item-210 at level 4: text: Diving ducks and sea ducks forag ... ave more difficulty taking off to fly.
item-211 at level 4: text: A few specialized species such a ... apted to catch and swallow large fish.
item-212 at level 4: text: The others have the characterist ... e nostrils come out through hard horn.
item-213 at level 4: text: The Guardian published an articl ... the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]
item-214 at level 3: section_header: Breeding
item-215 at level 4: picture
item-215 at level 5: caption: A Muscovy duckling
item-216 at level 4: text: Ducks generally only have one pa ... st and led her ducklings to water.[28]
item-217 at level 3: section_header: Communication
item-218 at level 4: text: Female mallard ducks (as well as ... laying calls or quieter contact calls.
item-219 at level 4: text: A common urban legend claims tha ... annel television show MythBusters.[32]
item-220 at level 3: section_header: Predators
item-221 at level 4: picture
item-221 at level 5: caption: Ringed teal
item-222 at level 4: text: Ducks have many predators. Duckl ... or large birds, such as hawks or owls.
item-223 at level 4: text: Adult ducks are fast fliers, but ... its speed and strength to catch ducks.
item-224 at level 2: section_header: Relationship with humans
item-225 at level 3: section_header: Hunting
item-226 at level 4: text: Humans have hunted ducks since p ... evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]
item-227 at level 4: text: In many areas, wild ducks (inclu ... inated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]
item-228 at level 3: section_header: Domestication
item-229 at level 4: picture
item-229 at level 5: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-230 at level 4: text: Ducks have many economic uses, b ... it weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb).[48]
item-231 at level 3: section_header: Heraldry
item-232 at level 4: picture
item-232 at level 5: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]
item-233 at level 4: text: Ducks appear on several coats of ... the coat of arms of Föglö (Åland).[51]
item-234 at level 3: section_header: Cultural references
item-235 at level 4: text: In 2002, psychologist Richard Wi ... 54] and was made into a movie in 1986.
item-236 at level 4: text: The 1992 Disney film The Mighty ... Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]
item-237 at level 2: section_header: See also
item-238 at level 3: list: group list
item-239 at level 4: list_item: Birds portal
item-240 at level 3: list: group list
item-241 at level 4: list_item: Domestic duck
item-242 at level 4: list_item: Duck as food
item-243 at level 4: list_item: Duck test
item-244 at level 4: list_item: Duck breeds
item-245 at level 4: list_item: Fictional ducks
item-246 at level 4: list_item: Rubber duck
item-247 at level 2: section_header: Notes
item-248 at level 3: section_header: Citations
item-249 at level 4: ordered_list: group ordered list
item-250 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". The American Herit ... n Company. 2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
item-251 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Duckling". Kernerman English ... Ltd. 2000–2006. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
item-252 at level 5: list_item: ^ Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). ... University Press. ISBN 978-0300138139.
item-253 at level 5: list_item: ^ Visca, Curt; Visca, Kelley (20 ... Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823961566.
item-254 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d Carboneras 1992, p. 536.
item-255 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livezey 1986, pp. 737–738.
item-256 at level 5: list_item: ^ Madsen, McHugh & de Kloet 1988, p. 452.
item-257 at level 5: list_item: ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353–354.
item-258 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f Carboneras 1992, p. 540.
item-259 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 191.
item-260 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 448.
item-261 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 622–623.
item-262 at level 5: list_item: ^ Kear 2005, p. 686.
item-263 at level 5: list_item: ^ Elphick, Dunning & Sibley 2001, p. 193.
item-264 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b c d e f g Carboneras 1992, p. 537.
item-265 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998, p. xix.
item-266 at level 5: list_item: ^ American Ornithologists' Union 1998.
item-267 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carboneras 1992, p. 538.
item-268 at level 5: list_item: ^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 62.
item-269 at level 5: list_item: ^ Shirihai 2008, pp. 239, 245.
item-270 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Pratt, Bruner & Berrett 1987, pp. 98–107.
item-271 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fitter, Fitter & Hosking 2000, pp. 52–3.
item-272 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Pacific Black Duck". www.wiresnr.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
item-273 at level 5: list_item: ^ Ogden, Evans. "Dabbling Ducks". CWE. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
item-274 at level 5: list_item: ^ Karl Mathiesen (16 March 2015) ... Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
item-275 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rohwer, Frank C.; Anderson, Mi ... 4615-6787-5_4. ISBN 978-1-4615-6789-9.
item-276 at level 5: list_item: ^ Smith, Cyndi M.; Cooke, Fred; ... 093/condor/102.1.201. hdl:10315/13797.
item-277 at level 5: list_item: ^ "If You Find An Orphaned Duckl ... l on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
item-278 at level 5: list_item: ^ Carver, Heather (2011). The Du ...  9780557901562.[self-published source]
item-279 at level 5: list_item: ^ Titlow, Budd (2013-09-03). Bir ... man & Littlefield. ISBN 9780762797707.
item-280 at level 5: list_item: ^ Amos, Jonathan (2003-09-08). " ... kers". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
item-281 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Mythbusters Episode 8". 12 December 2003.
item-282 at level 5: list_item: ^ Erlandson 1994, p. 171.
item-283 at level 5: list_item: ^ Jeffries 2008, pp. 168, 243.
item-284 at level 5: list_item: ^ a b Sued-Badillo 2003, p. 65.
item-285 at level 5: list_item: ^ Thorpe 1996, p. 68.
item-286 at level 5: list_item: ^ Maisels 1999, p. 42.
item-287 at level 5: list_item: ^ Rau 1876, p. 133.
item-288 at level 5: list_item: ^ Higman 2012, p. 23.
item-289 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 53.
item-290 at level 5: list_item: ^ Hume 2012, p. 52.
item-291 at level 5: list_item: ^ Fieldhouse 2002, p. 167.
item-292 at level 5: list_item: ^ Livingston, A. D. (1998-01-01) ... Editions, Limited. ISBN 9781853263774.
item-293 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Study plan for waterfowl inju ... on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
item-294 at level 5: list_item: ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
item-295 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic ... . Digimorph.org. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
item-296 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sy Montgomery. "Mallard; Encyc ... Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
item-297 at level 5: list_item: ^ Glenday, Craig (2014). Guinnes ... ited. pp. 135. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
item-298 at level 5: list_item: ^ Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in F ... tto. 1982. p. 147. ISBN 951-773-085-3.
item-299 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Lubānas simbolika" (in Latvian). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
item-300 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Föglö" (in Swedish). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
item-301 at level 5: list_item: ^ Young, Emma. "World's funniest ... w Scientist. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
item-302 at level 5: list_item: ^ "Howard the Duck (character)". Grand Comics Database.
item-303 at level 5: list_item: ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Lau ... luding this bad-tempered talking duck.
item-304 at level 5: list_item: ^ "The Duck". University of Oregon Athletics. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
item-305 at level 3: section_header: Sources
item-306 at level 4: list: group list
item-307 at level 5: list_item: American Ornithologists' Union ( ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-308 at level 5: list_item: Carboneras, Carlos (1992). del H ... Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8.
item-309 at level 5: list_item: Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter E ... ro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
item-310 at level 5: list_item: Donne-Goussé, Carole; Laudet, Vi ... /S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792.
item-311 at level 5: list_item: Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6250-4.
item-312 at level 5: list_item: Erlandson, Jon M. (1994). Early ... usiness Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3231-0.
item-313 at level 5: list_item: Fieldhouse, Paul (2002). Food, F ... ara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
item-314 at level 5: list_item: Fitter, Julian; Fitter, Daniel; ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10295-5.
item-315 at level 5: list_item: Higman, B. W. (2012). How Food M ... Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8947-7.
item-316 at level 5: list_item: Hume, Julian H. (2012). Extinct ... istopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-3744-5.
item-317 at level 5: list_item: Jeffries, Richard (2008). Holoce ... Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1658-7.
item-318 at level 5: list_item: Kear, Janet, ed. (2005). Ducks, ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861009-0.
item-319 at level 5: list_item: Livezey, Bradley C. (October 198 ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-320 at level 5: list_item: Madsen, Cort S.; McHugh, Kevin P ... (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
item-321 at level 5: list_item: Maisels, Charles Keith (1999). E ... on: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10975-8.
item-322 at level 5: list_item: Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Phill ... University Press. ISBN 0-691-02399-9.
item-323 at level 5: list_item: Rau, Charles (1876). Early Man i ... ork: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 05040168.
item-324 at level 5: list_item: Shirihai, Hadoram (2008). A Comp ... versity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13666-0.
item-325 at level 5: list_item: Sued-Badillo, Jalil (2003). Auto ... Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103832-7.
item-326 at level 5: list_item: Thorpe, I. J. (1996). The Origin ... rk: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08009-5.
item-327 at level 2: section_header: External links
item-328 at level 3: list: group list
item-329 at level 4: list_item: Definitions from Wiktionary
item-330 at level 4: list_item: Media from Commons
item-331 at level 4: list_item: Quotations from Wikiquote
item-332 at level 4: list_item: Recipes from Wikibooks
item-333 at level 4: list_item: Taxa from Wikispecies
item-334 at level 4: list_item: Data from Wikidata
item-335 at level 3: list: group list
item-336 at level 4: list_item: list of books (useful looking abstracts)
item-337 at level 4: list_item: Ducks on postage stamps Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
item-338 at level 4: list_item: Ducks at a Distance, by Rob Hine ... uide to identification of US waterfowl
item-339 at level 3: table with [3x2]
item-340 at level 3: picture
item-341 at level 3: text: Retrieved from ""
item-342 at level 3: text: :
item-343 at level 3: list: group list
item-344 at level 4: list_item: Ducks
item-345 at level 4: list_item: Game birds
item-346 at level 4: list_item: Bird common names
item-347 at level 3: text: Hidden categories:
item-348 at level 3: list: group list
item-349 at level 4: list_item: All accuracy disputes
item-350 at level 4: list_item: Accuracy disputes from February 2020
item-351 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
item-352 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Latvian-language sources (lv)
item-353 at level 4: list_item: CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)
item-354 at level 4: list_item: Articles with short description
item-355 at level 4: list_item: Short description is different from Wikidata
item-356 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
item-357 at level 4: list_item: Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
item-358 at level 4: list_item: Articles with 'species' microformats
item-359 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text
item-360 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Dutch-language text
item-361 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing German-language text
item-362 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Norwegian-language text
item-363 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Lithuanian-language text
item-364 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text
item-365 at level 4: list_item: All articles with self-published sources
item-366 at level 4: list_item: Articles with self-published sources from February 2020
item-367 at level 4: list_item: All articles with unsourced statements
item-368 at level 4: list_item: Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022
item-369 at level 4: list_item: CS1: long volume value
item-370 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch
item-371 at level 4: list_item: Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata
item-372 at level 4: list_item: Webarchive template wayback links
item-373 at level 4: list_item: Articles with Project Gutenberg links
item-374 at level 4: list_item: Articles containing video clips
item-375 at level 3: list: group list
item-376 at level 4: list_item: This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 12:11 (UTC).
item-377 at level 4: list_item: Text is available under the Crea ... tion, Inc., a non-profit organization.
item-378 at level 3: list: group list
item-379 at level 4: list_item: Privacy policy
item-380 at level 4: list_item: About Wikipedia
item-381 at level 4: list_item: Disclaimers
item-382 at level 4: list_item: Contact Wikipedia
item-383 at level 4: list_item: Code of Conduct
item-384 at level 4: list_item: Developers
item-385 at level 4: list_item: Statistics
item-386 at level 4: list_item: Cookie statement
item-387 at level 4: list_item: Mobile view
item-388 at level 3: list: group list
item-389 at level 3: list: group list
item-390 at level 1: caption: Pacific black duck displaying the characteristic upending "duck"
item-391 at level 1: caption: Male mallard.
item-392 at level 1: caption: Wood ducks.
item-393 at level 1: caption: Mallard landing in approach
item-394 at level 1: caption: Male Mandarin duck
item-395 at level 1: caption: Flying steamer ducks in Ushuaia, Argentina
item-396 at level 1: caption: Female mallard in Cornwall, England
item-397 at level 1: caption: Pecten along the bill
item-398 at level 1: caption: Mallard duckling preening
item-399 at level 1: caption: A Muscovy duckling
item-400 at level 1: caption: Ringed teal
item-401 at level 1: caption: Indian Runner ducks, a common breed of domestic ducks
item-402 at level 1: caption: Three black-colored ducks in the coat of arms of Maaninka[49]

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"name": "list",
"label": "list"
},
@ -263,7 +263,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/22"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"content_layer": "furniture",
"name": "header-1",
"label": "section"
},
@ -304,7 +304,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/42"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"content_layer": "furniture",
"name": "list",
"label": "list"
},
@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/24"
},
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"content_layer": "body",
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"label": "list"
},
@ -324,7 +324,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/25"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
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"label": "list"
},
@ -334,7 +334,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/26"
},
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"label": "list"
},
@ -344,7 +344,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/27"
},
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"label": "list"
},
@ -367,7 +367,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/32"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
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"label": "list"
},
@ -377,7 +377,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/29"
},
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"name": "list",
"label": "list"
},
@ -387,7 +387,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/30"
},
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"label": "list"
},
@ -397,7 +397,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/31"
},
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"label": "list"
},
@ -407,7 +407,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/32"
},
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},
@ -430,7 +430,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/37"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
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@ -440,7 +440,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/34"
},
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},
@ -450,7 +450,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/35"
},
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},
@ -460,7 +460,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/36"
},
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"label": "list"
},
@ -470,7 +470,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/37"
},
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"content_layer": "body",
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"label": "list"
},
@ -480,7 +480,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/38"
},
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"label": "list"
},
@ -497,7 +497,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/41"
}
],
"content_layer": "body",
"content_layer": "furniture",
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"label": "list"
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@ -507,7 +507,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/40"
},
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"label": "list"
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@ -517,7 +517,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/41"
},
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@ -527,7 +527,7 @@
"$ref": "#/texts/42"
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"label": "list"
},
@ -1623,8 +1623,8 @@
"$ref": "#/body"
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"label": "text",
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"orig": "Main menu",
"text": "Main menu"
@ -1635,8 +1635,8 @@
"$ref": "#/body"
},
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"content_layer": "body",
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"orig": "Navigation",
"text": "Navigation"
@ -1647,7 +1647,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"content_layer": "furniture",
"label": "list_item",
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"orig": "Main page",
@ -1661,7 +1661,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
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"label": "list_item",
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"orig": "Contents",
@ -1675,7 +1675,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
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"label": "list_item",
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"orig": "Current events",
@ -1689,7 +1689,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
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"content_layer": "body",
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"orig": "Random article",
@ -1703,7 +1703,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
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"content_layer": "body",
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"label": "list_item",
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"orig": "About Wikipedia",
@ -1717,7 +1717,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/0"
},
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"orig": "Contact us",
@ -1731,8 +1731,8 @@
"$ref": "#/body"
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"text": "Contribute"
@ -1743,7 +1743,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
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"orig": "Help",
@ -1757,7 +1757,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
},
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@ -1771,7 +1771,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
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@ -1785,7 +1785,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
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"orig": "Recent changes",
@ -1799,7 +1799,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/1"
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"orig": "Upload file",
@ -1813,7 +1813,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/3"
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"content_layer": "body",
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"orig": "Donate",
@ -1827,7 +1827,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/5"
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"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
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"orig": "Create account",
@ -1841,7 +1841,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/5"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
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"prov": [],
"orig": "Log in",
@ -1855,7 +1855,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/6"
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"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
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"prov": [],
"orig": "Create account",
@ -1869,7 +1869,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/6"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
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"prov": [],
"orig": "Log in",
@ -1883,8 +1883,8 @@
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
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"orig": "Pages for logged out editors",
"text": "Pages for logged out editors"
@ -1895,7 +1895,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/7"
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"content_layer": "body",
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"orig": "Contributions",
@ -1909,7 +1909,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/7"
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"orig": "Talk",
@ -1927,7 +1927,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/9"
}
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"orig": "Contents",
@ -1940,7 +1940,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/9"
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"orig": "(Top)",
@ -1958,7 +1958,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/10"
}
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"orig": "1 Etymology",
@ -1976,7 +1976,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/11"
}
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"orig": "2 Taxonomy",
@ -1994,7 +1994,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/12"
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"orig": "3 Morphology",
@ -2012,7 +2012,7 @@
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@ -2030,7 +2030,7 @@
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"orig": "5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection",
@ -2048,7 +2048,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/15"
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@ -2066,7 +2066,7 @@
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@ -2084,7 +2084,7 @@
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@ -2102,7 +2102,7 @@
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@ -2120,7 +2120,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/19"
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"orig": "6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection",
@ -2138,7 +2138,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/20"
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@ -2156,7 +2156,7 @@
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@ -2174,7 +2174,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/22"
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@ -2192,7 +2192,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/23"
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@ -2210,7 +2210,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/24"
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"orig": "7 See also",
@ -2228,7 +2228,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/25"
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"orig": "8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection",
@ -2246,7 +2246,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/26"
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"orig": "8.1 Citations",
@ -2264,7 +2264,7 @@
"$ref": "#/groups/27"
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"orig": "8.2 Sources",
@ -2282,7 +2282,7 @@
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"orig": "9 External links",
@ -4377,7 +4377,7 @@
},
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"orig": "Tools",
"text": "Tools"
@ -4389,7 +4389,7 @@
},
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"orig": "Actions",
"text": "Actions"
@ -4443,7 +4443,7 @@
},
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"orig": "General",
"text": "General"
@ -4595,7 +4595,7 @@
},
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"orig": "Print/export",
"text": "Print/export"
@ -4635,7 +4635,7 @@
},
"children": [],
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"prov": [],
"orig": "In other projects",
"text": "In other projects"
@ -4675,7 +4675,7 @@
},
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"orig": "Appearance",
"text": "Appearance"
@ -4687,7 +4687,7 @@
},
"children": [],
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"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia",
"text": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"
@ -4699,7 +4699,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Common name for many species of bird",
"text": "Common name for many species of bird"
@ -4711,7 +4711,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see . For other uses, see .",
"text": "This article is about the bird. For duck as a food, see . For other uses, see ."
@ -4723,7 +4723,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "\"Duckling\" redirects here. For other uses, see .",
"text": "\"Duckling\" redirects here. For other uses, see ."
@ -4735,7 +4735,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
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"orig": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.",
"text": "Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form taxon; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species), since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water."
@ -4747,7 +4747,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.",
"text": "Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots."
@ -4794,7 +4794,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
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"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "The word duck comes from Old English d\u016bce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *d\u016bcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'.",
"text": "The word duck comes from Old English d\u016bce 'diver', a derivative of the verb *d\u016bcan 'to duck, bend down low as if to get under something, or dive', because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending; compare with Dutch duiken and German tauchen 'to dive'."
@ -4818,7 +4818,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "This word replaced Old English ened /\u00e6nid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /\u00e6nid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas \"duck\", Lithuanian \u00e1ntis 'duck', Ancient Greek \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 /\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1 (n\u0113ssa /n\u0113tta) 'duck', and Sanskrit \u0101t\u00ed 'water bird', among others.",
"text": "This word replaced Old English ened /\u00e6nid 'duck', possibly to avoid confusion with other words, such as ende 'end' with similar forms. Other Germanic languages still have similar words for duck, for example, Dutch eend, German Ente and Norwegian and. The word ened /\u00e6nid was inherited from Proto-Indo-European; cf. Latin anas \"duck\", Lithuanian \u00e1ntis 'duck', Ancient Greek \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 /\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1 (n\u0113ssa /n\u0113tta) 'duck', and Sanskrit \u0101t\u00ed 'water bird', among others."
@ -4830,7 +4830,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling.",
"text": "A duckling is a young duck in downy plumage[1] or baby duck,[2] but in the food trade a young domestic duck which has just reached adult size and bulk and its meat is still fully tender, is sometimes labelled as a duckling."
@ -4842,7 +4842,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]",
"text": "A male is called a drake and the female is called a duck, or in ornithology a hen.[3][4]"
@ -4904,7 +4904,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]",
"text": "All ducks belong to the biological order Anseriformes, a group that contains the ducks, geese and swans, as well as the screamers, and the magpie goose.[5] All except the screamers belong to the biological family Anatidae.[5] Within the family, ducks are split into a variety of subfamilies and 'tribes'. The number and composition of these subfamilies and tribes is the cause of considerable disagreement among taxonomists.[5] Some base their decisions on morphological characteristics, others on shared behaviours or genetic studies.[6][7] The number of suggested subfamilies containing ducks ranges from two to five.[8][9] The significant level of hybridisation that occurs among wild ducks complicates efforts to tease apart the relationships between various species.[9]"
@ -4928,7 +4928,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks \u2013 named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14]",
"text": "In most modern classifications, the so-called 'true ducks' belong to the subfamily Anatinae, which is further split into a varying number of tribes.[10] The largest of these, the Anatini, contains the 'dabbling' or 'river' ducks \u2013 named for their method of feeding primarily at the surface of fresh water.[11] The 'diving ducks', also named for their primary feeding method, make up the tribe Aythyini.[12] The 'sea ducks' of the tribe Mergini are diving ducks which specialise on fish and shellfish and spend a majority of their lives in saltwater.[13] The tribe Oxyurini contains the 'stifftails', diving ducks notable for their small size and stiff, upright tails.[14]"
@ -4940,7 +4940,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]",
"text": "A number of other species called ducks are not considered to be 'true ducks', and are typically placed in other subfamilies or tribes. The whistling ducks are assigned either to a tribe (Dendrocygnini) in the subfamily Anatinae or the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or to their own subfamily (Dendrocygninae) or family (Dendrocyganidae).[9][16] The freckled duck of Australia is either the sole member of the tribe Stictonettini in the subfamily Anserinae,[15] or in its own family, the Stictonettinae.[9] The shelducks make up the tribe Tadornini in the family Anserinae in some classifications,[15] and their own subfamily, Tadorninae, in others,[17] while the steamer ducks are either placed in the family Anserinae in the tribe Tachyerini[15] or lumped with the shelducks in the tribe Tadorini.[9] The perching ducks make up in the tribe Cairinini in the subfamily Anserinae in some classifications, while that tribe is eliminated in other classifications and its members assigned to the tribe Anatini.[9] The torrent duck is generally included in the subfamily Anserinae in the monotypic tribe Merganettini,[15] but is sometimes included in the tribe Tadornini.[18] The pink-eared duck is sometimes included as a true duck either in the tribe Anatini[15] or the tribe Malacorhynchini,[19] and other times is included with the shelducks in the tribe Tadornini.[15]"
@ -4987,7 +4987,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration.",
"text": "The overall body plan of ducks is elongated and broad, and they are also relatively long-necked, albeit not as long-necked as the geese and swans. The body shape of diving ducks varies somewhat from this in being more rounded. The bill is usually broad and contains serrated pectens, which are particularly well defined in the filter-feeding species. In the case of some fishing species the bill is long and strongly serrated. The scaled legs are strong and well developed, and generally set far back on the body, more so in the highly aquatic species. The wings are very strong and are generally short and pointed, and the flight of ducks requires fast continuous strokes, requiring in turn strong wing muscles. Three species of steamer duck are almost flightless, however. Many species of duck are temporarily flightless while moulting; they seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This moult typically precedes migration."
@ -4999,7 +4999,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape.",
"text": "The drakes of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is moulted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the \"eclipse\" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism, although there are exceptions such as the paradise shelduck of New Zealand, which is both strikingly sexually dimorphic and in which the female's plumage is brighter than that of the male. The plumage of juvenile birds generally resembles that of the female. Female ducks have evolved to have a corkscrew shaped vagina to prevent rape."
@ -5049,7 +5049,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]",
"text": "Ducks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] Several species manage to live on subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the Auckland Islands.[20] Ducks have reached a number of isolated oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia and the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, where they are often vagrants and less often residents.[21][22] A handful are endemic to such far-flung islands.[21]"
@ -5073,7 +5073,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]",
"text": "Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and Arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory; those in the tropics are generally not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localised heavy rain.[23]"
@ -5173,7 +5173,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.",
"text": "Ducks eat food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs."
@ -5185,7 +5185,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items.",
"text": "Dabbling ducks feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging.[24] Along the edge of the bill, there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the bill and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers and to hold slippery food items."
@ -5197,7 +5197,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly.",
"text": "Diving ducks and sea ducks forage deep underwater. To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore have more difficulty taking off to fly."
@ -5209,7 +5209,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish.",
"text": "A few specialized species such as the mergansers are adapted to catch and swallow large fish."
@ -5221,7 +5221,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn.",
"text": "The others have the characteristic wide flat bill adapted to dredging-type jobs such as pulling up waterweed, pulling worms and small molluscs out of mud, searching for insect larvae, and bulk jobs such as dredging out, holding, turning head first, and swallowing a squirming frog. To avoid injury when digging into sediment it has no cere, but the nostrils come out through hard horn."
@ -5233,7 +5233,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]",
"text": "The Guardian published an article advising that ducks should not be fed with bread because it damages the health of the ducks and pollutes waterways.[25]"
@ -5277,7 +5277,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]",
"text": "Ducks generally only have one partner at a time, although the partnership usually only lasts one year.[26] Larger species and the more sedentary species (like fast-river specialists) tend to have pair-bonds that last numerous years.[27] Most duck species breed once a year, choosing to do so in favourable conditions (spring/summer or wet seasons). Ducks also tend to make a nest before breeding, and, after hatching, lead their ducklings to water. Mother ducks are very caring and protective of their young, but may abandon some of their ducklings if they are physically stuck in an area they cannot get out of (such as nesting in an enclosed courtyard) or are not prospering due to genetic defects or sickness brought about by hypothermia, starvation, or disease. Ducklings can also be orphaned by inconsistent late hatching where a few eggs hatch after the mother has abandoned the nest and led her ducklings to water.[28]"
@ -5309,7 +5309,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup \u2013 which are diving ducks \u2013 make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls.",
"text": "Female mallard ducks (as well as several other species in the genus Anas, such as the American and Pacific black ducks, spot-billed duck, northern pintail and common teal) make the classic \"quack\" sound while males make a similar but raspier sound that is sometimes written as \"breeeeze\",[29][self-published source?] but, despite widespread misconceptions, most species of duck do not \"quack\".[30] In general, ducks make a range of calls, including whistles, cooing, yodels and grunts. For example, the scaup \u2013 which are diving ducks \u2013 make a noise like \"scaup\" (hence their name). Calls may be loud displaying calls or quieter contact calls."
@ -5321,7 +5321,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]",
"text": "A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been proven to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science.[31] It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.[32]"
@ -5368,7 +5368,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls.",
"text": "Ducks have many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for predatory birds but also for large fish like pike, crocodilians, predatory testudines such as the alligator snapping turtle, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Ducks' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or owls."
@ -5380,7 +5380,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.",
"text": "Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators including big fish such as the North American muskie and the European pike. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the peregrine falcon, which uses its speed and strength to catch ducks."
@ -5438,7 +5438,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 \u2013 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that M\u0101ori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]",
"text": "Humans have hunted ducks since prehistoric times. Excavations of middens in California dating to 7800 \u2013 6400 BP have turned up bones of ducks, including at least one now-extinct flightless species.[33] Ducks were captured in \"significant numbers\" by Holocene inhabitants of the lower Ohio River valley, suggesting they took advantage of the seasonal bounty provided by migrating waterfowl.[34] Neolithic hunters in locations as far apart as the Caribbean,[35] Scandinavia,[36] Egypt,[37] Switzerland,[38] and China relied on ducks as a source of protein for some or all of the year.[39] Archeological evidence shows that M\u0101ori people in New Zealand hunted the flightless Finsch's duck, possibly to extinction, though rat predation may also have contributed to its fate.[40] A similar end awaited the Chatham duck, a species with reduced flying capabilities which went extinct shortly after its island was colonised by Polynesian settlers.[41] It is probable that duck eggs were gathered by Neolithic hunter-gathers as well, though hard evidence of this is uncommon.[35][42]"
@ -5450,7 +5450,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]",
"text": "In many areas, wild ducks (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport,[43] by shooting, or by being trapped using duck decoys. Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, \"a sitting duck\" has come to mean \"an easy target\". These ducks may be contaminated by pollutants such as PCBs.[44]"
@ -5494,7 +5494,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1\u00a0kg (2.2\u00a0lb).[48]",
"text": "Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers (particularly their down). Approximately 3 billion ducks are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[45] They are also kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. Almost all the varieties of domestic ducks are descended from the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), apart from the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata).[46][47] The Call duck is another example of a domestic duck breed. Its name comes from its original use established by hunters, as a decoy to attract wild mallards from the sky, into traps set for them on the ground. The call duck is the world's smallest domestic duck breed, as it weighs less than 1\u00a0kg (2.2\u00a0lb).[48]"
@ -5538,7 +5538,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lub\u0101na (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of F\u00f6gl\u00f6 (\u00c5land).[51]",
"text": "Ducks appear on several coats of arms, including the coat of arms of Lub\u0101na (Latvia)[50] and the coat of arms of F\u00f6gl\u00f6 (\u00c5land).[51]"
@ -5570,7 +5570,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"[52] The word \"duck\" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986.",
"text": "In 2002, psychologist Richard Wiseman and colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, finished a year-long LaughLab experiment, concluding that of all animals, ducks attract the most humor and silliness; he said, \"If you're going to tell a joke involving an animal, make it a duck.\"[52] The word \"duck\" may have become an inherently funny word in many languages, possibly because ducks are seen as silly in their looks or behavior. Of the many ducks in fiction, many are cartoon characters, such as Walt Disney's Donald Duck, and Warner Bros.' Daffy Duck. Howard the Duck started as a comic book character in 1973[53][54] and was made into a movie in 1986."
@ -5582,7 +5582,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]",
"text": "The 1992 Disney film The Mighty Ducks, starring Emilio Estevez, chose the duck as the mascot for the fictional youth hockey team who are protagonists of the movie, based on the duck being described as a fierce fighter. This led to the duck becoming the nickname and mascot for the eventual National Hockey League professional team of the Anaheim Ducks, who were founded with the name the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.[citation needed] The duck is also the nickname of the University of Oregon sports teams as well as the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team.[55]"
@ -6995,7 +6995,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Retrieved from \"\"",
"text": "Retrieved from \"\""
@ -7007,7 +7007,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": ":",
"text": ":"
@ -7061,7 +7061,7 @@
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"label": "paragraph",
"label": "text",
"prov": [],
"orig": "Hidden categories:",
"text": "Hidden categories:"
@ -7592,7 +7592,7 @@
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"content_layer": "furniture",
"label": "picture",
"prov": [],
"captions": [],
@ -7606,7 +7606,7 @@
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"content_layer": "furniture",
"label": "picture",
"prov": [],
"captions": [],
@ -7620,7 +7620,7 @@
"$ref": "#/body"
},
"children": [],
"content_layer": "body",
"content_layer": "furniture",
"label": "picture",
"prov": [],
"captions": [],

59
tests/data/groundtruth/docling_v2/wiki_duck.html.md
View File

@ -1,62 +1,3 @@
Main menu
Navigation
- Main page
- Contents
- Current events
- Random article
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- Contact us
Contribute
- Help
- Learn to edit
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## Contents
- (Top)
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Taxonomy
- 3 Morphology
- 4 Distribution and habitat
- 5 Behaviour Toggle Behaviour subsection
- 5.1 Feeding
- 5.2 Breeding
- 5.3 Communication
- 5.4 Predators
- 6 Relationship with humans Toggle Relationship with humans subsection
- 6.1 Hunting
- 6.2 Domestication
- 6.3 Heraldry
- 6.4 Cultural references
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection
- 8.1 Citations
- 8.2 Sources
- 9 External links
# Duck
- Acèh

4
tests/test_backend_html.py
View File

@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def test_ordered_lists():
)
)
for pair in test_set:
for idx, pair in enumerate(test_set):
in_doc = InputDocument(
path_or_stream=BytesIO(pair[0]),
format=InputFormat.HTML,
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def test_ordered_lists():
)
doc: DoclingDocument = backend.convert()
assert doc
assert doc.export_to_markdown() == pair[1]
assert doc.export_to_markdown() == pair[1], f"Error in case {idx}"
def get_html_paths():